Whatever way you eat them, the anthocyanins in the dark skins play a vital role in reducing many lifestyle diseases, and consuming just one cup of blueberries a day will cut your chance of a heart attack or stroke. 

Supersized blueberries could be good for CEA growers 

Breeding is a big deal for not only blueberries but the entire soft fruit industry. New varieties can help urban and controlled environment agriculturists find competitive advantages. Legislation and logistics will change the way we grow, helping to sustain an increased demand for strawberries, raspberries, blackberries and blueberries. We already know they like an early start in CEA, facilitating easier acclimation to winter conditions. We also know that light quality and intensity in blueberry production is crucial to fruiting and continuous production of high yields. 

When is a blueberry not a blueberry?

Figuring out the right varieties for the right geography is important. They can be relatively hardy bushes and generally take well to a Scottish summer. More varieties than ever are available as breeders search for darker skins, higher yields, and plump berries, with just the right amount of bite. 

Honeyberry, Lonicera caerulea, or Haskaps, as they are commonly known, are native to Japan, and the berries are like little blueberry parcels. What many don’t know is that they are not actually blueberries at all, but come from the honeysuckle family. Despite this difference, they are pretty similar bushes, except for the elongated fruits.  

We’ve been trialing honeyberries through cold Scottish winters, and our young tissue cultured propagules grew a decent couple of feet with good node spacing indoors in 2–3 months under LED lights. 

The berries we produced are small, but incremental improvements will continue until good yields are obtained. With four times the level of antioxidants compared to blueberries and great cold-hardiness, honeyberries we think are worthy of time and investment in CEA.

We can’t wait for berry season, can you?

Janet Colston is a Scottish micropropagation consultant passionate about hydroponics, controlled environment agriculture and functional food.

Myoga contains the terpene alpha-pinene, known to be neuroprotective. The buds are high in anthocyanins and can prevent lifestyle diseases. The taste is less pungent than western ginger, so eating raw flower buds (the only edible part of myoga) in salads or as pickles are the best way to gain these health benefits. 

Growing Myoga in hydroponics or soil 

Myoga ginger, grown in soil (left) and aeroponics (right). We think soil grown is better for this plant, but it is worth experimenting with different substrates and hydroponic techniques. LEDs will encourage growth and flowering either way. 

There are many other varieties of ginger, but one that pops up a lot in videos is shampoo ginger (Zingiber zerumbet (L.)). It has properties that are good for hair conditioning, and often you will see people running their hands through the flower fronds to release the trapped liquid within to wash their hair. 

Zingiber zerumbet (L.) otherwise known as Shampoo Ginger

In the wild, ginger can grow up to five feet in hot humid locations and proliferate with ease, coming up annually to produce new rhizomes. In cooler climates, we only see these plants in municipal hothouses.

Hedychium Gardnerianum ‘Kahili’ Ginger native to India was spotted in the Botanics, Glasgow. 

Part of the landscape, wild ginger, was found on a hike in Hawaii, courtesy of Chris Higgins and his wife. 

Janet Colston PhD is pharmacologist with an interest in growing ‘functional’ foods that have additional phytonutrients and display medicinal qualities that are beneficial to human health. She grows these using a range of techniques including plant tissue micropropagation and controlled environmental agriculture to ensure the highest quality control.

No one disputes that tomatoes are good for heart health, especially if you follow the Mediterranean diet. This is in part due to the bioactive carotenoid Lycopene found in tomatoes (molecular structure featured), which is known to improve health.

The ‘crunch’ question: is extracting Lycopene as a drug more beneficial to our health than if we eat tomatoes as part of a healthy diet? The answer?  It’s all to do with health status, efficacy and balance.

Why bioactives could be a good investment 

Bioactives have already caught the attention of investors, eager to tap into start-up companies with million-dollar investments which could  elevate them from their niche status to fill emerging gaps in healthcare, and in the process help CEA farmers gain from a move to: 

• grow the best quality functional plants in a controlled environment.
• recreate environmental growing conditions in any geographical location.
• breed new genetics leading to nutraceuticals stable enough to improve human health. 
• increase the level/production of selective bioactive metabolites. 
• widen the market opportunities to sell more diverse fresh fruit and vegetables using CEA.

The evolving challenge of drug resistance, and the need for novel drugs to treat diseases like cancer and Alzheimer’s has led to an increased demand for new bioactives worldwide. Even before the pandemic struck, healthy foods and supplements fortified with plant extracts were on trend. A report in January of this year also indicates the health and wellness sector is gathering momentum, with the global market for bioactive ingredients expected to reach 317 billion USD by 2030. More than a quarter of this market will come from functional plants.

Can CEA play a role in amplifying bioactives in functional  plants?

CEA could accelerate the early stages of drug discovery, harnessing the power of controlled environments to deliberately stress/elicit plant responses to produce higher yields of bioactive molecules. Plant bioactives provide a natural protective role against biotic and abiotic stress. Plants that are free from disease can easily be studied in a controlled environment, preparing them for either uniform extraction or controlled genetics: the protected environment easily permits monitoring and maintenance without introducing any unwanted genetic variation. By transitioning plants towards ‘survival mode’ it pushes the equilibrium in favor of more efficacious specialized bioactives. 

We have observed this with increased light intensity in our Wasabi trials, forcing a stress response, which subsequently increases anthocyanin levels. The wide range of bioactives in Wasabi can be found in our exclusive article. 

CEA can be used by Agritech farmers to increase high quality bioactive molecules that can be marketed both as part of a healthy diet and opportunistically for novel drug extraction with potential to treat disease. 

Bioactive exploration is complex but it does not mean farmers can’t grasp the methodologies and their importance 

Metabolic pathways are complex: they produce multiple modified bioactive intermediates which make them difficult to define. Finding new ways to identify important bioactive compounds requires an inter-disciplinary approach. Metabolomics and computer-aided drug design (CADD) have emerged as the strongest fields in plant drug discovery which accelerates the selection of efficacious molecules compared to traditional pharmacological techniques. This advance is attributed to new technologies making it possible to study the plant metabolome using advanced technologies to screen and analyze the effects of bioactive molecules faster than ever before.

Let’s take a quick run through some of the production methods used to scale up important bioactives

• Precision fermentation using microbes has been popular in recent years but has for decades been used to scale up bioactives. Genetically engineered yeasts, algae and bacteria have all been used to cultivate bioactives. 

• Protoplast culture is another efficient method where the outer protective plant cell wall is enzymatically removed and the cells become ‘totipotent’ with the ability to differentiate into any cell type. These uniform cellular suspensions can then be used to manufacture high-value specialized metabolites. 

• Hairy root culture has also been used as a scaling method for many years to allow bioactives found specifically in plant roots to be extracted. Thanks to our friend in Indonesia,  Dannis Kusuma we can share his adventitial culture of Gynura procumbans (sometimes called longevity spinach for its extensive health properties) in bespoke bubble reactors used to extract specialized metabolites from the roots. Click the image to see more.

• Molecular farming uses novel DNA inserted into an Agrobacterium which is then mechanically loaded into the plant, using a syringe on the leaf underside. Nicotiana benthamina, a close relative of  Tobacco, is often used as the vector due to its fast-growing nature and ability to be genetically transformed with good efficiency. This drives the plant to express desired bioactives in plant ‘biofactories’ including antibodies, hormones and vaccines. 

New bioactives are processed downstream; whether they are produced in microbes, protoplasts or are agrobacterium-mediated, production will follow relatively similar methodologies. Regardless of the intermediate, extraction and purification are likely to follow a similar enrichment pathway.

Vanilla – CEA innovators are growing this valuable crop but it could also help identify novel bioactives 

The subtropical ingredient we all love to flavor our ice cream, Vanilla, comes from the Orchid family; Vanilla Planifolia (commonly known as Bourbon Vanilla), is a native of Mexico that requires a high-humidity environment to grow successfully. 

What bioactives are present in Vanilla?

Vanillin, a phenolic aldehyde, is one of the main bioactives derived from vanilla and is the second most used natural flavor in the world. It demonstrates diverse bioactivity, including anticancer, neuroprotective, and antibiotic properties. Currently, 95% of vanillin is produced by chemical synthesis of lignin and guaiacol. Manufacturing vanillin using petrochemicals or by precision fermentation, either microbial or yeast based, has many limitations, not least that such methods cannot recreate that wonderful vanilla flavor you get from natural seed pods in what is a complex process with high energy consumption. This has led to renewed interest in low cost bio-based alternatives. 

But one of the problems in scaling up natural vanillin is that production is a long way from its market. Of the locations around the world suitable for growing the orchid, Madagascar in the Indian Ocean is probably the most well-known, producing around three thousand tons per annum. 

The issue with natural production is apparent

Vanilla production is labor-intensive. It can take up to 600 hand-pollinated blossoms to produce 1 kg of cured vanilla beans. Beans are picked while still green and sold to fermentation plants, where workers sort, steam and dry out the beans in the sun. 

Vanilla is also subject to market fluctuations : recently oversupply has resulted in a crash in prices. This has led to stockpiling of cured vanilla, resulting in a handful of investors driving down the price of ‘green’ vanilla for growers. When tropical storms batter growing regions, the price of cured vanilla fluctuates, creating profits for the investors but leaving farmers at a loss. This is an unsustainable cycle which leaves farms at the mercy of unstable markets, climate change and crop theft. Also, when stored for long periods in a warehouse, it is not in the best state to provide bioactive molecules, so we need to investigate different production routes for the end market.

Growing Vanilla in hydroponics 

We believe CEA could provide a solution, giving the opportunity to produce locally-grown vanilla which circumvents market fluctuations and storage issues. Despite limitations, researchers in Holland are pushing the boundaries in CEA, resulting in secure local production: Dutch growers are presently leading with greenhouse grown vanilla cultivars. 

Vanilla is a shade-loving epiphyte vine. It enjoys a humid environment where it can diffuse water and oxygen through air roots at optimal temperatures around 21-23^oC. Substrate needs to be free-draining: a combination of orchid mix and humus-rich compost around pH 6-7 should suffice.

Vanilla orchid flowering. But one must be quick, – there is limited time to pollinate tricky orchid vanilla flowers within a twelve-hour window.  Vanilla Tahitensis (pictured) is a cross between Vanilla Planifolia and Vanilla Odorata. Many lesser grown varieties could provide a valuable source of unique bioactives. 

The rise of synthetic biology versus CEA – they should ideally operate side by side to bridge gaps in preventative medicine in addition to food production and pharmaceuticals. 

Given the limitations in the latter methods, an opportunity could present itself for Agritech companies to exploit more efficient ways to produce vanillin. This includes protoplast scale-up and stem cell precision techniques to provide increased biodiversity for extraction of the full vanilla entourage effect, whereby many compounds in the plant work together to magnify the effect. 

Vanilla Bourbon sourced from Madagascar (image from The Functional Plant Co.) shows a node from the vine in sterile tissue culture with new root and shoot formation (arrows) that acts as a source for new and undifferentiated cells. These cells can be scaled in perpetual bioreactors under the ideal conditions to produce cellular bioactives of interest.

Health care of the future includes a viable role for CEA

Many bioactives known to improve human health have already been extracted from well known plants including  Turmeric, Aloe Vera, Vanilla, Saffron, Ginseng, Ashwagandha and Echinacea, to name a few. All of these have been successfully grown in CEA so who knows the possibilities. Others, like Wasabi, are awaiting discovery to literally enjoy their day in the sun or under LED lamps.

With new ways to quantify the plant metabolome and predict physiological changes in human health, the field of metabolomics is opening up efficient ways to study changes in the class and contents of metabolites in different parts of the same plant, and at different levels of plant maturation. Control of growth is going to be a key factor.

We know the type and concentration of bioactives produced by a plant are influenced by a multitude of environmental factors. The most relevant are light, airflow, temperature, humidity, water, CO₂, dissolved oxygen, nutrients, and substrate characteristics.

All these aspects variably affect the quality and quantity of specialized metabolites, limiting extensive exploitation until a high level of process standardization is achieved. Improving the productivity of functional plants will require innovative solutions that increase yields in both greenhouse and indoor farming. Implementing cultivation in controlled conditions is a potential solution for ensuring the best growing conditions, where not only all the variables can be held for the optimal growing conditions, but also the plant metabolism can be forced and stressed to stimulate the biosynthesis of valuable compounds.

Let’s return to the original question: should we extract bioactives to develop clinical drugs?

Preventative medicine is always going to take the form of a healthy diet and lifestyle (i.e. tomatoes) whereas reactive healthcare is likely to benefit more from purified bioactive molecules (i.e. Lycopene). The CEA industry has many advantages over traditional breeding programs which position growers at the forefront of unlocking the power of plants to amplify the amount of the compound for drug development. 

Through recent turbulent times in the industry, it has become clear CEA farms will need to adapt. According to the investment sector, farms of the future are likely to include the following characteristics:

• Differentiated genetics enabling higher yields and/or broad produce varieties
• Industrial automation which, when combined with biotechnology, drives positive product unit 
• economics.

Farmers in a Venture with scientists – Is that a big Chris Higgins horti beard we spy?

Where farmers are proactive – in that their healthy produce prevents disease – scientists are more reactive: their products treat disease, tackling health problems from a different angle. Despite the difference in approach, there’s no doubt scientists could benefit from partnerships with CEA farmers and breeders to provide clean plant material.  Uniformity is likely to be a main driver in the discovery of these bioactives, and CEA farmers are in a perfect position to drive it forward. Both can collaborate with technology providers to create the right environment to produce sustainable bioactives. 

Unless otherwise stated, all images are from The Functional Plant Co and property of Urban Ag News.  Our experts, Dr Janet Colston and Dr Shashank Saini are available to answer any questions you may have on bioactive exploration. 

Janet Colston PhD is pharmacologist with an interest in growing ‘functional’ foods that have additional phytonutrients and display medicinal qualities that are beneficial to human health. She grows these using a range of techniques including plant tissue micropropagation and controlled environmental agriculture to ensure the highest quality control.

Grapes are an economically important commodity, supplying fresh, dried, and processed markets worldwide. Although grapes are not a crop you immediately consider a beneficiary of CEA technology, it may be possible to adapt field agriculture, putting in measures to circumvent climate change and disease. 

The last few years I’ve been attempting to grow my own grapevine indoors, so when Chris Higgins shared the main photo I felt excited to learn how they were using LED lights to help fruit mature on vines in California. 

Could CEA also work for my grapevines?

Scotland is not known for wine but with changing climates and carefully chosen hardy varieties it could provide some competition for our national drink. Success at home is just around the corner as I begin season three with my black Hamburg grape (Schiava Grossa) grafted on S04 rootstock. It’s hopeful too, as earlier than expected it is producing trusses. The learning curve is not as steep as you may think and the trick is to not give up with a fruitless vine. 

We will take a look at the growing environment, the diseases that can be encountered and the pests that need to be eliminated by controlling some of the processes. Then we will examine some real Californian vineyards and how they are adapting and integrating CEA technology to increase efficiency and yield, battling against ever changing climates and earlier than predicted seasonal frosts. 

Year 3 indoors black Hamburg (dessert grape)  in central Scotland

Wine has an important role in world trade

Grapes were one of the earliest fruits cultivated for use as a beverage, and statues in ancient Roman culture were often adorned with grapes and wine decanters. In fact, many of the production principles first developed in ancient Rome can be found in winemaking today. Wine is classed as a cultured beverage and body, flavor, aroma, keynotes and vintage all play a part in how we decide to consume it. Aside from commercial vineyards, many vines can be cultivated under glass. This can be a lean-to, a conservatory, a polytunnel or a glasshouse, it doesn’t really matter. Mine are grown in a conservatory with great levels of natural light and temperatures rising to 105°F which helps ripen the fruit. 

The global wine market was valued at USD 417.85 billion in 2020 and growth is expected to expand to 6.4% CAGR by 2028. According to a recent report Italy, France, and Spain were the top three producers of wine worldwide as of 2022. In the Americas, Chile has the leading share of exports, almost three times more than the USA and Canada. Changing consumer preferences are evident with demand for fresh fruit, looking for year-round availability and consumers more willing to pay more for imported out-of-season fresh grapes.

Growing and Grafting Vines

Choosing the right rootstock is vital to ensure a successful harvest since the parent vine, Vitis. vinifera does not provide adequate resistance against phylloxera Vastatrix, a deadly root infection caused by the aphid-like insect, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Fitch). Phylloxera weakens the vines causing root galls making it susceptible to fungal infections. It has plagued vineyards, decimating crops in California, and completely devastated vines planted on AXR1 type B rootstocks. It is estimated to have cost the industry $6 billion to uproot valuable mature vines and replant with vines grafted onto sturdier rootstocks. 

To overcome this disease, grapes are grown on rootstocks from a variety of Vitis species selected from native areas or hybrids that use native species to form new rootstocks. The most commonly used are Vitis rupestris, V. riparia, V. berlandieri, and V. champinii. A grafted vine consists of the scion which is seen above ground and the rootstock which provides the root system and lower trunk joined at the graft union (protected with wax like above). 

Image by Wine Folly

Pruning is an artform and traditional viticulture techniques require patience and skill passed down through generations. Below are a few training techniques used in viticulture but you can learn more by following Dan from apicaltexas with great videos on pruning techniques in the field. 

Developing the vineyard should factor the best rootstock suited for particular environmental conditions. Soil type, pest resistance, tolerance to drought, wetness, salinity, and lime must all be considered when siting a vineyard.

Most experts suggest loamy soil as the best type of soil for grape growing. A crumbly mix of sand, silt, and clay when blended with other soils in the right amounts offers the ideal soil type. This is because the clay in loam drains well but also contains moderate amounts of water and nutrients within the preferred pH range (pH 6.5-6.8). Sonoma and Napa Valley are both loam soil regions. 

Even though grapevines are considered relatively tolerant to water deficits, growth and yield can be reduced in drought-like conditions. Drought tolerant rootstocks enable the scion to grow and yield even when water supplies are limited, a desirable trait if irrigation is likely to cause waterlogging in heavy clay soil. Acidic soils are common in many viticultural growing regions, and liming is common-practice to increase soil pH. The salinity of irrigation water and rising water tables can also affect productivity in grapevines which can have a  detrimental effect on wine quality.

Rootstocks can have a pronounced influence on the mineral nutrition of the fruiting variety. Vigorous vines can deplete zinc levels while increasing the uptake of potassium with regular soil analysis crucial to produce the best fruit. 

While growing under cover may not suit large scale vineyards, certainly the early stages can be started off under greenhouse control much like blueberries. A drip irrigation system will work well to ensure a good source of minerals is available at the root base with free drainage. 

If you are planning to grow in containers, a half barrel size is more than adequate with a light multipurpose compost. There’s no doubt selection of soil can be tricky because the soil type needs to work for both the vine and the rootstock. Remember sandy soil seems to have an advantage in resistance to phylloxera.

Microclimates & Disease Prevention 

Year one begins with training the cordon or guyot from the rootstock to produce two dominant shoots. Year two and the tendrils will form without fruiting but it is not until year three that fruit trusses will become visible on most vines. These can then be trained as desired with supports. How vigorous the growth develops will hugely depend on whether it’s grown as scions or as dominant root stocks. 

Mildew, powdery (Erisyphe necator) and downy (Plasmopara viticola) mildew are the predominant diseases encountered in viticulture. These favor successive periods of hot and humid conditions. Suppression of grapevine powdery mildew is problematic with resistance built up to systemic fungicides. This can also lead to weakened vines and susceptibility to Botrytis (botrytis cinerea) another fungal disease which affects almost every part of the vine, usually caused by high humidity coupled with strong winds. Mitigation traditionally introduces better airflow through the truss and canopy, pinching out individual berries can assist, allowing for circulation to circumvent rot problems. New ideas using light treatments are being trialed at Cornell university and UV treatments applied once a week up to 200 J/m2 on Chardonnay vines have proven to reduce powdery and downy mildew conidia germination by almost 100% and 50% respectively. 

Image sourced from David M. Gadoury, Cornell.

LEDs have also been shown to boost yields. RB light encourages leaf growth and fruit maturation but little experimentation has been possible due to field positioning of grapes. Perhaps in the future we will see these autonomous tractors lighting up fields at night.

Frost damage

The French prevent early bud loss by using fire candles between vines. It’s a risky business balancing crop loss from frost with fire damage if not controlled. Water sprays are often employed to protect against frost damage by forming ice crystals around the buds during cold weather. 

Microclimates play a significant role in wine quality and cool ocean breezes inland result in thicker skins on the berries resulting in more color, tannin and concentration of flavor.

Field light spectrum can assist fruit bud development 

Improving knowledge of environmental triggers for bud burst in grapes can help to optimize plant productivity, especially in marginal climates. In particular, an improved knowledge of the physiology of bud burst is fundamental to enable better crop management.

The point where a quiescent axillary bud commences regrowth is governed by both metabolic and signaling functions, driven by light, energy, and oxygen availability. Several grapevine studies have investigated the influence of low-intensity light on shoot physiology, suggesting that it is adapted to a low-light environment. Removing the apex can result in axillary bud outgrowth, as can changes in light intensity and quality. Axillary bud outgrowth is regulated by signals from the apex, which contain several light quality and quantity sensing pigments. These phytochromes sense red and far-red light, while cryptochromes and phototropins are involved in the perception of blue light. Accumulating evidence supports the function of photoreceptors in blue light perception resulting in activation of photomorphogenic gene expression, stimulating bud outgrowth.

Field trials with inter-canopy LED lights in California. Reach out if you need advice, we are here to help. 

These photoreceptors regulate the expression of different transcription factors to coordinate light-dependent photomorphogenesis. 

An early indicator of the transition to bud burst is ‘sap-flow’ preceded by an increase in xylem pressure leading the an increase in auxin and sugars in the sap.

Applying light theory helps improve knowledge of the physiology of bud burst which is fundamental to better canopy and crop forecasting, as the timing and coordination of this event will influence flowering, fruitset, and ripening.

Indoor low intensity RB LED lights – in Scotland year 2 with no trusses but plenty of tendrils and good vine growth.

Pests

Leafhoppers, cochylis and Lobesia botrana are dreaded pests that cause considerable damage to grape crops. IPM plays an important role in scouting for early damage to prevent disease. Prevention by spraying crops with regulated fungicides helps limit damage.  

Micropropagation of new grape varieties 

Starting Clean

Fungal and viral infections have plagued vineyards particularly in California where in the 1980s the deadly root infection phylloxera returned, completely devastating vines planted on AXR1 rootstocks. 

Viruses reduce plant vigor and delay bud break, and can be transmitted through vegetative propagation. Rapid micropropagation techniques can produce clean, disease-free, and vigorous plant material in a shorter time period, compared to conventional propagation techniques. 

There are many reasons why breeding is important to the wine industry, and my friends at PCT wrote a neat article on why growing clean clones is one of the most efficient methods to scale grape plantlets. 

New growth from a nodal cutting of my black Hamburg in initiation MS media growing under different low intensity LED spectrums.

A number of micropropagation techniques can be employed to clone grapes. Meristem culture induced from nodal cuttings can help to eliminate endophytes and produce virus free clones like above. 

Sweet seedless grapes like cotton candy are produced via embryogenesis. Others like Selma Pete, a white grape, are grown for the raisin market. The power of breeding a particular variety for a select market can pay dividends. 

Health properties of grapes

Health properties of grapes and grape juice are well documented particularly the black varieties which have higher anthocyanin levels, with known anti-inflammatory properties. Grape juice is a great way to boost immune systems and stay healthy. What we do know for sure is that resveratrol is well absorbed in the body and offers some exciting anticancer properties. Probably best to consume through black grape juice if you are concerned about the alcohol content in wine. 

Turning grapes into wine 

‘The older the vine the better the wine’ is a common saying in the industry, meaning the skin to pulp ratio increases creating a more intense flavor. Vines can be anywhere from 20 years to 120 years old and still produce good quality fruit. Some growers also believe older vines with deep root systems are more efficient at transferring minerals. 

One thing’s for sure, there’s more science in wine making than you can shake a stick at! It’s chemistry without cooking. Even for hobbyists it’s a great pastime and relatively cheap to get started. As a student I was taught how to make wine in demijohns, it was a relatively simple process. Yeast varieties can also have a significant effect on alcohol production. My final year degree project was to establish the budding rate of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the most common species of yeast in winemaking. Ah, that stirred tank fermenter with all those sensors, part biology, part engineering…..

Begin with good quality grapes and crush and press down hard until the bunches are smashed and the juice is released. For reds, ferment the juice, skins and seeds after removing stems. 

At least 5 gallons of white grape juice can make five gallons of wine. Pour the juice into a demijohn. White grape juice is green to start and as it oxidizes it will turn a brown color during fermentation. Add wine yeast at a comfortable room temperature. It will foam as it releases carbon dioxide within a day or two, which signals the start of the process. Use an airlock to keep oxygen out and allow the carbon dioxide produced by to escape. 

Red ‘must’ can be fermented in a large open container with just a towel, add wine yeast, and give it a good stir. It may begin to ferment in as little as 12 hours.

Red wines need to be stirred, at least twice per day when fermentation is going strong. You’ll see skin floating on the surface but just stir down regularly. Red wine should be around 80°F during fermentation. Test the sugar levels of the fermenting juice periodically with a basic hydrometer. It’s measured in degrees Brix, which equals sugar percentage will reduce to -2 Brix once fermentation is complete.

When the wine tastes like something you’d enjoy drinking, it’s time to bottle. Most white wines should mature after four to nine months whereas reds may take from six months to a year. You can learn more about winemaking from a course at Cornell or perhaps the ‘personality’ of wine from Jancis Robinson, an influential wine critic. Wine will benefit from a few weeks or months aging in the bottle, but who can wait that long? 

My top reds are Spanish and Italian and I’m partial to a Californian rose. Chris would not say no to anything from the Napa Valley. Slàinte Mhath. 

Janet Colston PhD is pharmacologist with an interest in growing ‘functional’ foods that have additional phytonutrients and display medicinal qualities that are beneficial to human health. She grows these using a range of techniques including plant tissue micropropagation and controlled environmental agriculture to ensure the highest quality control.

Unless otherwise stated all images are courtesy of The Functional Plant Company and property of Urban Ag News.

It seems to be a different type of farmer that grows mushrooms, but essentially the skills are an extension to planting a seed in a substrate on a shelf, then controlling and monitoring the temperature, humidity, airflow and lighting schedule until harvest. The difference is that the seed is a spore and you inoculate the substrate with the tiniest involvement of water. The life cycle of the crop can vary but once cropping begins, several flushes of mushroom fruiting are possible.

Of course other mushrooms may take slightly longer but with energy costs rising fast, growing high value medicinal mushrooms could be an additional revenue for CEA farms with an easy adaptation of current farming technology.  Dare I say it, switching off the lights to save energy to get farms through lean periods isn’t the worst idea either.

‘Right tech for the market’  —Chris Higgins 

Mushrooms belong to the kingdom of fungi, which is separate from plants and animals. They are part of a huge 100,000 range in species. Approximately 2000 of these mushrooms are edible and more than 500 can be described as having significant health benefits. Wow, how many do you eat or even have access to? I know my larder was limited until I discovered their anti-inflammatory and nutritional value.

The most cultivated is the common button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) often referred to in its mature state as the portobello mushroom (now called Agaricus brunnescens). This white chestnut mushroom is commercially produced, and the one most often seen on our grocery shelves. Only if you veer off into a specialist shop can you see an alternative range on offer including Oysters of all colors, and Shiitake. Many are not yet mainstream but we hope to highlight why you should grow these in CEA.

One reason is that the global medicinal mushroom market is strong and expected to grow to 6,870.7 Million USD during the forecast years 2022-2030. Secondly mushrooms are a good alternative source of protein if you are vegetarian, and are low in fat and high in vitamins and minerals.

Medicinal mushrooms and health benefits

The first significant recognition of medicinal properties in mushrooms began with Alexander Fleming’s discovery of Penicillin in 1928. The discovery led to the Nobel prize in 1945 – but it might never have been noticed, since it was only by chance that cultures were left on an open bench and a mold spore infected the medium. Penicillin is the world’s most common antibiotic, most commonly prescribed as amoxicillin to treat a wide range of bacterial infections. Almost all edible mushrooms will have inherent antibiotic and anti-inflammatory properties.

Ancient Medicine 

Since ancient times mushrooms have been used for their medicinal properties, particularly in Japanese and Chinese cultures. Europeans knew of these benefits too. DNA extracted from Otzi the iceman, found buried in a glacier 5000 years ago revealed he had two mushrooms with him while navigating the Alps. Birch polypore, better known as hoof fungus (Fomes fomentarius) may have been in his possession to help combat parasites but most likely he used it for tinder (amadou, the dry cork-like inner is commonly used in fly fishing to aid buoyancy). Hoof fungus (which sounds pretty unappetising) is mentioned by Hippocrates for dressing wounds, in Chinese medicine to treat cancers, and in Indian medicine as a diuretic, laxative, and relaxant. Recent studies show extracts have a significant modulatory effect on drug-resistant breast cancer cells.

Fantastic Fungi

If you begin to research medicinal mushrooms one of the leading mycologists, Paul Stamets, is perhaps the starting point. Stamets tells a heartfelt story about his mother Patty who survived breast cancer after taking Turkey tail extracts, which appeared to accelerate her immune recovery post-radiotherapy. Stamets, whose profile was raised by the Netflix film ‘Fantastic Fungi’, has dedicated his life to the research of important medicinal mushrooms. In Asia more than 100 varieties of mushroom are used to treat cancer – but how do you know which ones to grow for the best value and the greatest health benefits?

Let us share with you why you should grow these in CEA

In 1993, Japanese researchers showed extracts from Lion’s mane could stimulate nerves to regrow. The findings could have implications in the treatment of Alzheimer’s and other neurodegenerative diseases. Active compounds in Lion’s mane mushroom can help promote neurogenesis and enhance memory, a new study reports. This is because Lion’s mane is high in nerve growth factor, important for the myelin sheath that surrounds nerve fibers. It’s an important discovery which could lead to a breakthrough in the treatment of Multiple Sclerosis and many other diseases.

Ganoderma lucidum, a red variety of Reishi (Japanese for Divine), is a polypore fungus native to East Asia that belongs to the genus Ganoderma. Its reddish brown varnished kidney-shaped cap with bands and peripherally inserted stem gives it a distinct fan-like appearance. This mushroom cannot be consumed fresh, but must be dried after harvest and then marketed. Other members of the genus may have different medicinal properties and although less mainstream, more availability of these cultures will help increase biodiversity in this space.

The health benefits of Reishi have been widely demonstrated and with known anti-cancer properties it is not surprising it is widely used in Asian alternative medicine. Reishi contains over 400 different bioactive compounds including Beta-glucans. Research shows promise in altering inflammatory pathways in white blood cells, switching on natural killer cell genes which help fight infection and cancer.

One of the most colorful mushrooms, Turkey tail increases lactobacillus and bifidobacterium, both probiotics that decrease dangerous bacteria including E Coli, shigella, clostridium and Staphylococcus Aureus. Polysaccharide-K (PSK) or krestin, from T. versicolor, is an approved mushroom product in the treatment of cancer in Japan. There is evidence that PSK in Turkey tail improves 5 year survival rates in gastric and colon cancer, though only at less advanced staging.

Enoki (Flammulina velutipes) mushrooms are an interesting choice because they fruit in winter and need very little light to grow. I’ve eaten these in a traditional Japanese Shabu Shabu where they taste amazing cooked in a light soy broth.

Some cultures have long associations with mushrooms: epidemiologists found farmers who grow and eat enokitake in Nagano prefecture in Japan have a 40% lower incidence of cancer-related mortality. Although Lentinan from Shiitake mushrooms increases the survivability from stomach, prostate, colorectal and liver cancer, you should cook Shiitake mushrooms for longer to avoid potential negative effects from high doses. 

Cordyceps 

Cordyceps are a source of a wide range of nutraceutical and medicinal metabolites. Recent studies suggest it may have anti-aging effects, most likely due to its anti-inflammatory properties. They are actually quite a rare mushroom, leading to a high market value. Various commercially viable culture methods have been established, depending on the type of Cordycep grown. Our friend Huan Shuma in Peru has kindly allowed us to share his liquid culture development of Cordyceps militaris grown on an organic brown rice substrate. The strain was sourced from leading Cordyceps expert Ryan Paul Gates’ from Terrestrial Fungi.

Images of different stages of growth in Cordyceps Militaris courtesy of our friend Huan Shuma from @chavinherbalists

Starting cultures like this requires a degree of skilled sterile culture technique and the appropriate technology. Many of us in the plant tissue culture world will have the ability to adapt our skills and equipment. Creating a bank of initiates from spores can take some time to get clean but after this stage you can inoculate either sterilized substrates or wooden dowels that are then drilled into preferential tree stumps.

Mushrooms can grow easily in a controlled environment 

I have grown the easiest of these mushrooms, the blue Oyster (Pleurotus ostreatus) on a coffee waste substrate (main image). It was so simple. No inoculation is required in pre-prepared kits and it gives you a good feel for the right conditions before you start investing further. The taste was satisfying, added to by the pleasure of having grown it myself.

The medicinal mushrooms we have described – Oysters, Enoki, Shiitake, Cordyceps, Reishi and Turkey tail – can be farmed in CEA. Each variety needs a particular temperature to thrive, and this varies throughout the growing cycle. Pink Oyster mushrooms, for example, prefer a temperature of around 80 F which makes them more attractive to warmer climate/seasonal growers. Other Oysters fruit at cooler temperatures – anywhere from 40-70 F – which could be a seasonal shift depending on the market being served.

Temperature plays a vital role in the quality of mushrooms; the optimum is anywhere between 65-75 F for the development of the majority of mushrooms. Above this temperature, mushrooms might get too dry. They love a humid, damp environment. Monitoring moisture levels during the cultivation period is vital for continuous harvests. HVAC in isolated rooms is needed for commercial cycles, and many farms use shipping containers which offer flexibility and isolation.

 Log culture (where spawn-inoculated dowels are pushed into logs) was developed more than a millennium ago, and is still used today. The majority of mushrooms we have described are wood-loving species which are happy to grow on sawdust, straw or other high-lignin substrates. These are often readily accessible waste products. The main exception is Cordyceps, which requires a more specialized substrate that replicates its insect host. 

Mushrooms require light only when developing fruit from mycelium. As a general rule, a few hours of dim light is sufficient for mushrooms to develop their edible fruiting bodies, also called ‘pinning’ – as in the image above.

Buying ready-made substrate such as the above already inoculated with spawn can save time. Spawn can be delivered in a variety of forms, including liquid inoculate, or grain which is typically used by commercial cultivators. This overcomes the issue of maintaining viable spawn in cultures which can be time-limited to a matter of months in refrigerated condition.

As they start to grow out, with mycelium pushing forward, the substrate becomes dense in carbon dioxide levels. Some, like Reishi, need very high CO₂ levels (up to 40,000 ppm) during the early ‘antler’ stage under condensing fogging environments for high humidity. According to Dr Ghilavizadeh most mushrooms require a CO2 level of around 1000 ppm (remember the ambient level is 421 ppm).

Low intensity LEDs are ideal to stimulate growth when mushrooms are grown indoors. Oyster, Shiitake, and Reishi all demonstrate strong photosensitivity. Blue light is an important environmental factor that induces mushroom primordial development and fruiting bodies in Oysters. Shiitake are also known to produce primordia with low light levels (10.5 μmol/m2/s) in the blue range (peak 455 nm). Other studies suggest red and blue LEDs can increase biomass. More research in CEA will provide better insights for farmers on both spectrum and light intensity at different developmental stages in cultivated mushrooms. 

Reach out if you need advice on low intensity LED lighting. 

From what we can establish from Paul Stamets’ book, Oyster primordial formation needs around 750-1500 lux and fresh air exchange every 4-8 hours. Reishi primordia (antler) stage needs 4-8 hrs at 200-500 lux increasing to 500-1000 lux at conk and the final fruiting stage requires 750-1500 lux for 12 hrs/day. Reishi is slow growing and will crop twice in 90-120 days depending on ideal conditions.

Harvesting your mushrooms 

Dr Ghilavizadeh advises picking your mushrooms at just the right time. These yellow Oysters are at the right stage for picking. He says ‘the first hand is the harvester and the second hand must be the hand that wants those mushrooms to cook’.

The best time to harvest colored mushrooms is very early in the morning at the peak of their pigmentation. Mushrooms should be stored in a cool place at a temperature of four degrees (39.2F) immediately after harvest to maintain their durability prior to drying and packaging.

In the Wild

We have described the main mushrooms grown for medicinal properties (excluding magic mushrooms) but there are so many more out there waiting to be discovered and cultured like the cinnamon- and orange-smelling Hericium novae-zealandiae.

Image courtesy of our friend Mike Wallace: Hericium novae-zealandiae (formerly Hericium coralloides) is a saprotrophic fungus, commonly known as the coral tooth fungus. It is a relative of Lion’s mane and has a mushroomy ‘seafood’ taste akin to lobster, I am told.

Taking a culture from spores, Mike grew this coral tooth fungus from the wild. Visible fruiting bodies germinated on sterile culture medium as the hyphae extend out.

Wild Californian morels (Morchella vulgaris) courtesy of our friend Shannon Maas at Shasta Mycology. Morels are known to contain one of the highest amounts of Vitamin D among all edible mushrooms.

Image courtesy of my friend and mushroom forager Maxime Jay of Coeur Sauvage Scotland : Chicken or Hen of the woods (Laetiporus Sp) as it’s known in Scotland. I guess the argument of which is best, wild or cultivated, is dependent on access, knowledge and supply. There is no doubt in my mind, having been out in the Scottish hills with Maxime, that wild mushrooms will always have a niche high-quality market value in food service.

Chaga (Inonotus obliquus)

No account of medicinal mushrooms is  complete without Chaga. ‘Superlife’ author Darin Olien’s health regime includes Chaga in his ‘Shakeology’ superfood and as a tea to combat daily stress. It’s a strange hard black fungus with a high melanin content and a surprisingly sweet taste due to vanillin.  It has demonstrated some impressive medicinal properties as an immune boosting anticancer agent in lab tests. But be careful, as it also contains high oxalates so is inadvisable for anyone with kidney disease or who is pregnant. It may not be suitable for growing in CEA but I would love to be proven wrong on that.

Rare Cordyceps could hold the key to future medicines 

Himalayan Gold: Cordyceps sinesis or Kida Jada (Hindi). Thank you to our friend Dr. Shashank Saini who found these ultra-rare Ophiocordyceps sinesis  on a hike at Badrinath district, Uttrakhand, India in the Himalayas. These fungi (technically they are not a mushroom) cannot be farmed despite being valued at more than three times their weight in gold. They are sought after for aphrodisiac effects and also used by some athletes to improve their performance. Cordycepin, the bioactive compound in the fungus, has potential medicinal and therapeutic applications and shows promising cytotoxicity in cancer cells. However, a word of caution, this mushroom can have antiplatelet effects, as it acts as a blood thinner so could increase the risk of bleeding or bruising.

The fungus requires a special environment at 4500 ft altitude and is only found in the Himalayas around the Sino-Indian border and in Tibet. The area is covered with glaciers and the fungus releases endoparasitic spores which infect a caterpillar. During winter the fungus grows out of the insect’s head to form a bud inside the snow and remains frozen until spring. As the glaciers melt in early summer the fruiting bodies (as shown in the figure) grow out of the soil and are harvested by local people.

Check out this never-before-seen video of the fungus and a live caterpillar in Badrinath district, Uttrakhand, India in the Himalayas. Despite Cordyceps scary film debut in ‘The Last of Us’ (based on an action adventure computer game) we can reassure you these fungi are not in evolutionary terms about to take over higher animal species. Instead, with more research they may hold important bio pharmaceutical compounds that aid human health. 

Image courtesy of my friend Gloria MacDonald. Wild chanterelles (Cantharellus cibarius) growing wild in the woods beside my home in Scotland. False chanterelle is flatter on top, with less of a forked edge. It is crucial to know what you are looking for as you could have a nasty turn when eating your mushroom pizza if you pick the wrong type.

When foraging in the wild, it’s important to preserve the ecosystem by not over-collecting.

How to eat them? 

A different set of skills helps you combine mushrooms in a meal where the medicinal qualities are retained. Whether eaten fresh in a Shabu Shabu or as dried extracts in a tea, there is no doubt medicinal mushrooms have a significant health benefit.

* Cropping information from Paul Stamets’ book ‘Growing Gourmet and Medicinal Mushrooms’. All Images unless otherwise stated are the property of Urban Ag News, please ask for permission to reprint our articles. We thank Brian Harris, Dr Shashank Saini, Dr Ardalan Ghilavizadeh, Ximena Zamacona, Huan Shuma, Mike Wallace, Maxime Jay, Shannon Maas, Gloria Macdonald and Jake Wilson for their contributions to this article.

Disclaimer

Despite their popularity, there are potential dangers inherent in consuming mushrooms. Always take advice from a qualified mycologist if you want to add fresh or foraged mushrooms to your diet.

Janet Colston PhD is pharmacologist with an interest in growing ‘functional’ foods that have additional phytonutrients and display medicinal qualities that are beneficial to human health. She grows these using a range of techniques including plant tissue micropropagation and controlled environmental agriculture to ensure the highest quality control.

Unless otherwise stated all images are courtesy of The Functional Plant Company and property of Urban Ag News.

We know light exerts a powerful influence on plant growth. These effects can range anywhere from seed germination to leaf expansion and from flowering to fruiting. But, did you know it’s not only plants that benefit from changes caused by light? Human health can also be boosted by light induced changes in the fruits and vegetables we eat. These systems are interconnected. Read on to find out how CEA farmers could hold the key to both higher crop yields and better human health through the smart use of spectral low intensity LEDs.

Color Survival

As humans we cannot survive without food, water, air, or shelter. Some maybe curious to go further in asking what’s the point in just surviving if you don’t live a healthy, and colorful life. So, what do we really mean by a colorful life? Perhaps the ‘joie de vivre’ could be loosely defined by variety, intensity, and vibrancy in our lives. The similarity to the definition of color, is patently obvious, correlating with chroma, value and hue. We want to show you how interconnected and highly dependent we are on light and color in growing fruitful crops with health promoting factors (aka; Natural products/Specialized Metabolites).

As farmers in CEA we are at the forefront of lighting technology, pushing the boundaries of understanding in the requirement to produce the best quality crops with the greatest impact on our health. Often we are told to ‘eat the rainbow’ in order to provide a range of nutrients for health. With this in mind it is even more important than ever for growers to use their knowledge and appropriate technology to increase their value proposition with efficient growing and marketing of their products.

What are the elements that make up color? 

We see the world in a multi coloured spectrum of reflected light wavelengths. Of course ‘visible’ light is only a small part of the wide spectrum which as a whole also includes ultraviolet, and far red wavelengths. Structures called cones (rods are used for night vision and low photon light) in the back of our eyes refract visible light like a prism below to send a signal to our brains which helps us distinguish colors. Most often in life we see visible light split into its constituents when a rainbow forms and electrons are diffracted through raindrops. How much color is relevant and used by a given plant, we aim to find out. 

Light penetrates air, water, and through our shelters if we don’t block it out so we must gather data on how much radiation traverses the greenhouse and other structures which give shelter to crops. Integral to this is the daylight integral or DLI, the optimal amount of light a plant needs over a day. This helps us establish when to add further efficiencies with supplemental light and tailored spectral recipes. 

How do plants perceive light? 

Plants are dependent on their ability to sense and interact to their surroundings to optimize their chances of survival. What happens in the plant world is very interesting and light has several known actions on plant growth and development.

Deeper in the chloroplast within the thylakoids lie the photosystems that serve as the site for absorption of sunlight. Special structures called photoreceptors detect an array of wavelengths, allowing them to ‘perceive’ light and send a signal in the direction of growth. Similar to human eyes a wide range of photoreceptors exist, including phytochromes, cryptochromes, phototropins and ultraviolet-B receptors help plants discriminate light signals from ultraviolet to visible to far red wavelengths. Of course it’s much more complicated than we can talk about in this short article but essentially the plant has a control mechanism that distinguishes wavelengths through these photoreceptors and a metabolic switch to biological reactions.

In summary the leaf interface acts as a mini processor, where energy from excitatory photons hitting the thylakoids catalyze the photosynthetic pathway between carbon and water to produce glucose and oxygen. This directly impacts cell signaling, including metabolic, morphological and physiological changes in plants.

It is important to take into account not only spectrum but also efficacy of LED lamps as this determines the number of photons hitting the leaf surface. This means lights should be balanced for growth and less likely to be separated as defined by the image below. Instead they are low intensity LEDs incorporating blue wavelengths and appearing white, or balanced red and blue wavelengths, the latter appearing pink. It is important to take advice from a quality LED vendor and compare the market as not all LEDs are equivalent quality. Reach out if you need advice.

As more academic research into LED lighting becomes available, increased awareness of specific wavelength induced changes will help efficiency in new crops for higher biomass and increased stable levels of health promoting specialized metabolites for human health.

Can varying spectrum LED lighting increase crop traits and efficiency?  

Light exerts a powerful influence on most vegetable tissues, and there can be no doubt that it generally tends to check their growth” – Charles Darwin, 1880 (The Power of Movement in Plants)

In CEA we have the advantage of an agricultural phenomenon that can harness data on each of the nine environmental variables that impact yield including diffracted wavelengths. This ultimately helps refine and optimize processes for farmers.

Different wavelengths help plants achieve various goals. In general plants exposed to blue light encourage vegetative leaf growth, stem elongation and rooting whereas red light, when combined with blue, switches on genes for plants to flower and fruit. This is not surprising when experiments show an increase in chlorophyll content in the PAR range of the spectrum. Green wavelengths reflect most light (hence why we see them as green) but this specific wavelength is known to be responsible for deeper canopy penetration and absorption balance of excess energy in some plants. The latter is an important physiological step, often overlooked as not all energy is used in photosynthesis (remember it’s rate limiting) and excess energy must be dissipated safely as heat.

Although we class the photosynthetically active region (PAR) between 425-695nm, a nice study by Paul Kusuma at Wageningen showed the power of far-red photons influencing leaf area and stem elongation. Essentially the higher ratio of far red light can help plants stretch at night. He also found lower energy of far-red photons makes them useful in reducing electrical power inputs.

UV light on the other hand can be used in pulses to disrupt bacterial DNA and prevent disease in plants. Short term UV treatment has been shown to  improve performance for both seedlings and seeds that deliver long-term benefits, including improved crop consistency, increased yield and stronger disease resistance. This can increase the chance of producing healthy plants without viral invasion. As Darwin succinctly suggested, light provides nature’s way of balance. 

Learn more from the experts in horticulture lighting spectrum here.

Different wavelengths in Turmeric

When plants are grown in tissue culture, light, humidity, and nutrients can be tightly controlled. Although TC is an artificial state with immature leaf structure, it could be useful in predicting a smart spectral recipe, taking into account the lack of stomatal development. Low light intensity LEDs are typically employed as a strategy to prevent heat damage in immature propagules but different wavelengths could be more advantageous for certain desirable traits. For instance red, blue, and green LEDs have been found to have specific effects on plant growth rate, developmental characteristics, and production of bioactive specialized metabolites. 

We used turmeric as an example of how to control light for different growth and specialized metabolite requirements.

Under low intensity LEDs, we can encourage rooting in turmeric but also elongation of shoots. We can also combine factors we know control growth like levels of plant growth hormones, humidity, gas exchange, liquidity of substrate and additions like activated charcoal to help some species like turmeric root better and this can also increase plant biomass. Good rooting and biomass gives plants a head start during acclimation. 

Turmeric shoots multiplied under Arize Lynk LEDs (red blue) as they continue simultaneous growth of both leaf area and roots in the multiplication phase. It’s not always desirable to let roots grow out in the multiplication phase as they tend to be more vulnerable to infection particularly if using high sucrose as a carbohydrate source. Reducing the ratio of blue can help reduce rooting during this stage. When in the multiplication phase, the level of cytokinin (shooting) to auxin (rooting) is increased but we also can utilize light to control growth as desired.

Acclimation

As turmeric acclimates and the plants develop mature leaves, Arize Lynk LEDs  are better for leaf growth and an advantage to increase foliage biomass. We know from other studies that turmeric grown in the acclimation phase, under RB spectrum increases phytochemicals, such as polyphenols, flavonoids, sugars, and boosts curcumin biosynthesis. 

Turmeric is a perennial spice that can reach a height of about 1m. To increase turmeric rhizome size requires higher light intensity light and increased oxygenation of roots during the growth stage taking up to a year to produce good harvestable yields in different systems. Prior to harvest, farmers should consider supplemental RB light and higher intensities, to increase anthocyanin content. 

While we do not have the results from studies of isolated green light, we postulate that green light is efficiently absorbed deep into the canopy during rapid growth periods. If you time the crop season right, natural sunlight allows for a reduction in energy consumption while using the whole visible spectrum more efficiently (that is if wavelengths are not deflected from the structure you are growing within). 

Growing plants like turmeric in CEA for the entire crop cycle is unsustainable and farmers should consider hybrid models to produce the best results and yields for the end user product and market they target. For instance if the product is for specialized metabolites then by all means grow and process in as close as possible to sterile environments but if the market is for color and curry, open fields are more realistic. 

The power of hue in health. 

Did you know sir Isaac Newton invented the first color wheel in 1666? I did not!

Artists have studied and designed other wheels based on Newton’s concept. Most color wheels have a total of 12 main divisions (as we see from the chart), but then subdivided again we have 24.The primary colors are red, yellow, and blue. The secondary colors are green, orange, and purple and the tertiary colors are yellow-orange, red-orange, red-purple, blue-purple, blue-green, and yellow-green. The problem is that color is not a quantifiable way to determine the anthocyanin content of a given fruit, leaf or rhizome. 

The Munsell color scheme on the other hand could be the way to distinguish higher levels of anthocyanin. The color scheme comprises hue, value, and chroma. Anthocyanin pathways are complex and often unstable due to oxidation but if stabilized using supplemental LED lights it could be a quantitative roadmap. Using the Munsell system could help us understand color related health values in the same way that brix value quantifies sweetness in fruit sugars.

A change in the color of plant skin, leaf, fruit, and rhizome indicates when plants are ready for harvest. But do we ever consider we can control this process? It’s called the stress reaction in plants. Some fruits with purple skins will have higher Munsell values. We can correlate color intensity of blueberries, blackberries, strawberries and raspberries with higher levels of antioxidants. As a fluorescence scientist I know there are many spectrophotometer devices that could be used to quantify color values. An example of color versus phytonutrients can be seen in bilberries. Bilberries exhibit darker hues than farmed blueberries and have significantly higher anthocyanin content compared to the latter. Could we, in the future, have a hand held device for farmers to know the level of anthocyanin?

Other research articles reviewed the targeted use of LEDs, i.e. blue range (400-500 nm) of spectrum and found blue light is efficient in enhancing the accumulation of phytochemicals.

The flavonoid Curcumin in turmeric trapped in vesicles can range in diverse yellow-orange hues. Curcumin is a bright yellow chemical compound that gives turmeric its color. It is not readily soluble in water, but is in other carriers. Electrons in the curcumin molecule absorb energy from ultraviolet light and move to a more excited state. Try this interesting experiment if you are a teacher, it will get your students attention.  

Stability of phytonutrients.

Curcumin in turmeric has been well proven in the lab to kill many types of cancer cells. Why does this not translate to the body? The biosynthetic pathways are highly unstable and curcumin has extremely low bioavailability. It is only when curcumin is combined with piperine that we see positive effects. Even then, the marketing of products containing turmeric has led us to believe they can cure ALL ills, when they cannot. We are not insinuating these functional plants don’t have potential, but we are concluding it is dependent on stability and bioavailability of active metabolites. 

If you read our personal health journey’s you will discover like we did the best kept secret in medicine; that is if you are ill, a colorful plant based diet will give you a fighting chance. 

Image of different zingiberaceae species courtesy of our friends at Spade and Clover, Johns Island, South Carolina. 

Should we continue experimenting with environmentally friendly ways to produce the healthiest plants?
Absolutely, there is more to discover. 

We know there is variability in the level of curcumin in commercial turmeric and native turmeric alone has low bioavailability. This means that, under normal circumstances, little is absorbed from the gut into the body. Increased stable levels of specialized metabolites could have potential to produce similar metabolic and physiological effects to what we see in the lab. 

Light up your plants for Specialized Metabolites
Increasing the quantity and quality of curcumin using low intensity spectral LEDs at the correct time in the growing cycle can increase important specialized metabolites possessing various pharmacological properties providing increased carrier opportunity to cross membranes and produce stable physiological effects.

Is a turmeric based curry the healthiest meal you can eat?

In India, turmeric is commonly known as “haldi” (Sanskrit; haridra). 

• Preceding Vedic culture, turmeric has been used for more than 4000 years in India, where it was used as an edible spice with ceremonial significance still practiced today. 
• According to Ayurveda and Unani systems, turmeric has a long history of medicinal use in South Asia. In fact, in 1280 Marco Polo talked about turmeric as the new wonder spice having qualities similar to that of saffron. 
• Susruta’s materia medica (250 BCE), mentioned a formulation of ointment containing turmeric as a major ingredient, having anti-inflammatory properties which helps in reducing the effects of food poisoning.

Indian recipes are a great way to boost the immune system, reduce inflammation, and improve cognitive functions. Turmeric and black pepper together have impressive health benefits, due to the metabolites curcumin and piperine. As piperine enhances curcumin absorption in the body by up to 2,000%, combining the spices magnifies the effects. You can read more about growing turmeric and the beneficial health effects from our previous article. 

Now if this doesn’t inspire you to make a wonderful healthy grain inspired curry, and buy the freshest ingredients from your local farmer we haven’t done our job right. 

All Images unless otherwise stated are the property of Urban Ag News, please ask for permission to reprint our articles. We are indebted to our friend Dr Shashank Saini for his diligent review of this article.

Janet Colston PhD is pharmacologist with an interest in growing ‘functional’ foods that have additional phytonutrients and display medicinal qualities that are beneficial to human health. She grows these using a range of techniques including plant tissue micropropagation and controlled environmental agriculture to ensure the highest quality control.

Unless otherwise stated all images are courtesy of The Functional Plant Company and property of Urban Ag News.

“You should never hesitate to trade your cow for a handful of magic beans. “ — Tom Robbins 

 Protein Replacement is a hot topic 

Nutrition and protein replacement in particular is a global health concern with implications for the future direction of the planet, not least because the tide could be turning on less sustainable types of food production. We have had some in CEA evangelizing about the power of CEA to feed us all in the future, but the reality is that we need all agricultural practices to work together where appropriate to create resilient sustainable supply food chains close to where people live. Given this opportunity we should consider how we assist the creation of new plant proteins in hi tech towers and glasshouses. It is with this thought in mind that we could be overlooking the potential of the fabaceae family which includes legumes (pulses are the edible dry seeds) that have sustained entire continents in times of need.

Getting real with alternative proteins 

We want to explore if pulses and specifically beans grown in CEA could provide complementary protein to that found traditionally in meat, dairy, fish and more recently, cellular meat (which is different from plant based burgers that incorporates soy, wheat, potato or mushroom protein). It should be noted that cellular meat also uses soy protein for scaffolds i.e. a lattice for cells to grow into 3D meat.

Let’s begin with an argument. Many in the medical community advocate a plant based diet to be wholly adequate to supply all the body’s protein requirements. Others argue that plants do not contain an adequate source of protein and that animal protein is essential for supplementing our diets. It could be time to challenge the assumption that ‘real men eat meat’. Whatever your stance, we do know that essential amino acids, thought to be less abundant in plant based diets, could in part be provided by chickpeas and soya beans, helping to supplement vegan or vegetarian diets. Make sure you add seeds, nuts, whole grains and lentils to ensure you get all nine essential amino acids. If you are worried about the lack of Vitamin B12 which cannot be provided by vegetables, try a source of shiitake mushrooms or nori seaweed in your diet. 

‘Beans are a great value for money meal and source of protein during the cost of living crisis’

While I’m old enough to have visions of Mel Brooks blazing saddles around the campfire, there are so many delicious recipes that create a heart warming meal from a range of pulses, legumes and lentils. Theoretically speaking it is better for the planet too if we consider biogenic methane production from a cow’s four stomach chambers versus our human gut should we consume more beans as our protein source in preference over animal protein. 

A trick to avoid gas: Eat more beans! Why? We often lack an enzyme called alpha-galactosidase produced by gut bacteria. This enzyme helps break down complex sugars that can, if not fully digested, cause excessive wind. As your body gets used to eating more beans (they act as a prebiotic to increase the good bacteria), more enzyme is produced in the gut to digest these carbohydrates. 

Beans are a staple in the diets of many underdeveloped countries, they taste good in meals and can in fact cost far less than meat based stews. They are also on a calorie ‘like for like’ basis much better for your health as well as being cheaper to produce. So the question then becomes, can we grow them close to where people live and in large enough quantities? 

Many people are unaware that chickpeas and other pulses contain components that when eaten as part of a balanced plant-rich diet, help prevent the development of diseases like diabetes and heart disease. These beans have a soluble fiber called raffinose, which is fermented in the colon by beneficial bacteria and has been shown to reduce inflammation. Chickpeas also contain a cholesterol like plant sterol called sitosterol that can trick the body into lowering blood cholesterol levels. The satiating effect of the high fiber and protein content of chickpeas may also help with weight management, another major factor in lifestyle disease progression.

The practicality of growing bean vines in VF like many other plants is dependent on the number of plants per square foot, breeding programmes to increase nodes (spectrum is likely to play an important function in early flowering) and compliant technology. Research into the economic efficiency for well designed CEA facilities (lights, oxygen, fertilizer) and indoor grow rooms should be considered versus higher energy outputs when considering new crops like beans. But, with quick production cycles and all year round growing potential, farms could easily be adapted much like other vines such as tomatoes and chillies to grow unique high protein legumes. They could even be tacked onto the side of existing horizontal structures with additional inter-canopy lighting. High production cycles are likely to determine profitability so modeling through trials is recommended.

The Functional Plant Co in Scotland have been studying beans like Lima and ways to increase nodal development in CEA TC to produce high quality slips for continuous batch supply to plant factory’s.

Native American Beans are steeped in tradition 

Pole beans were a staple of Native Americans with more than 5000 known varieties spread worldwide. They have a long tradition in Native American culture including the Hopi tribe, whose Bean Clan is called Murzibusi. Such importance has been associated with beans, that some eastern tribes, like the Lenape, Shawnee and Iroquois actually have a ‘Bean Dance’ amongst their tribal dance traditions. Despite myths of their Mexican origins, Anasazi beans are thought to have been cultivated throughout generations of Southwestern Native American tribes. Today these beans are commonly used in many Latin American and Southwestern cooking turning pink once cooked, and are often used in refried bean recipes due to the sweetness. Remember it was the Indians that invented succotash with sweetcorn, lima and other mixed beans.

The Many Health benefits of beans 

Regular consumption of beans has been linked to disease prevention, including cancer, diabetes and heart disease.

Beans have a strong nutritional profile, marked by a high amount of iron, calcium and potassium per serving. As well as antifungal, antibacterial and antiviral properties, beans have a low glycemic index and are found to be high in lectins, a glucose-binder, with potential to avoid sugar spikes and naturally treat diabetes. If that wasn’t enough, the anti-inflammatory effects of these magical beans may also help you fight cancer.

The Color Purple 

The red/blue color of beans is due to a group of biological pigments called anthocyanins. This same group of compounds is also responsible for the rare blue pigments we see in nature.

Nonna Agnes Beans

An analysis of black beans showed most of the anthocyanins to be delphinidin, with lesser amounts of petunidin and malvidin. Delphinidin and malvidin are responsible for the blue color in various flowers. Petunidin is described as having a dark-red/purple color adding to greater health benefits.

Growing Beans in CEA

One of the most commonly used Native-American gardening techniques was ‘Three Sisters’, probably the first no till agriculture method on the continent. They planted corn, squash and bean seeds together. The beans provide nitrogen for the soil, the corn was a natural trellis and the squash a canopy to deter pests. 

The three sisters’ companion planting originated from native Indian farming of maize, beans and squash. 

Respectfully we’ve come a long way since then but as we look for protein replacements, beans are a natural choice to incorporate in CEA farms. 

From three sisters to one grandma, Nonna Agnes pole bean, one day post germination in high strength Gibberellin. 

The seeds of Nonna Agnes, a pearlest blue heirloom bean from you guessed it, Italy, germinate in a day with the hypocotyl peeking through the outer layer and reaching for light via tropic geotropism. The strength in beans is phenomenal as the large carbohydrate seed store forces the tap root downwards and shoots up. 

In normal soil production this can take several days longer than germinating in a controlled environment. Obviously the stronger the young plants, the more vigorous they are and with inter-canopy spectral LEDs it is possible to force flowering much earlier than in the field, with higher yields in a shorter time frame. 

These modest-looking legumes pack a mighty health punch. In addition to being an aforementioned protein source, they are an excellent source of fiber and act as a prebiotic, providing a nutrient source for beneficial bacteria and microorganisms that make up the gut biome in our digestive tracts. 

Let there be light amongst the vines 

If we are to grow these kinds of crops in CEA we need internodal spaced LEDS or a vertical hanging design to ensure efficient light intensity delivery to ripen pods. We already grow tomatoes with aerial LEDs so alternative vine crops like beans should be no different. Much will come down to modeling of economic returns. New technology emerging such as intercanopy lights to grow indoor vines will also add to biomass with higher yields and increased flowering during off peak times of the year. Choosing low light varieties that are bred with increased nodes will have a big impact and can help growers switch during tough times for high energy costs. Beans are a perfect example crop that have enough variety to experiment with low light varieties. From the beans I tested, Amethyst, Lima and Pole viola do assiago all produced flowers in two weeks with one TLED at 100umols/m2/s followed by pods in 2-4 weeks and a small harvest in 6-10 weeks. 

Faba beans flowering under Currents RB balanced LEDs in Scotland during autumn with average day temps 15-20 Celsius and night lows of 6-10 Celsius. 

Soybean pods filling up

Another member of the fabaceae is Bambara (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.), an African equivalent of American peanuts growing from extended rhizomes. Also called the Congo groundnut, it is a fast growing plant, but needs warm temperatures over 150 days cultivation. Recent studies have found it to be very high in protein, providing all of the daily nutritional requirements of protein, carbohydrate, unsaturated fatty acids and essential minerals (magnesium, iron, zinc, and potassium). The waste greens can be fed to livestock adding to nutrition and sustainable agriculture. 

Unusual varieties like Bambara could be grown in locations previously unheard of, circumventing international supply chains and reducing carbon footprints. 

In Africa these beans are grown on small-scale subsistence farms by women, in a rotation with other crops like maize to fix nitrogen in the soil. Despite interest from international companies attracted to its high protein content, the supply chain for Bambara is not yet secure. An opportunity awaits CEA farmers with a warming climate. Perhaps even Texas could become a great location for a new crop. Germination can be slow because of the hard seed coat but once released from this we can use growth regulators to increase germination rates in addition to trialing micropropagation techniques to produce high quantity slips. 

Nonna Agnes Beans developing under Currents RB balanced TLEDs indoors in Scotland above.

Amethyst bean pods to the right and harvest below, the color change is evident in the last week of production.

How we preserve these crops for the future 

There is no doubt beans are cheap, sustainable (you can save some seeds for next year), easy to grow and packed full of protein with great health benefits suggesting they are not only good for the cook-book but also for the planet. Variety is key to the success of beans and we hope you look further afield (intentional pun) to incorporate these fine pearlest beans as a regular CEA crop.

Don’t know where to start? The Crop Trust in Svalbard, an archipelago off Norway holds a massive bank of beans, conserved from farmers across the world. Of course this is worthless if farmers don’t have access to or take the opportunity to grow these conserved varieties. You can only request samples from depositing genebanks. As the seed bank shows, the way forward is cooperativity between growers around the globe. Breeding of heirloom varieties as well as processing via partners and marketing sustainable protein replacement to consumers will encourage the FMCG industry to create healthy plant based protein products in the future.

Janet Colston PhD is pharmacologist with an interest in growing ‘functional’ foods that have additional phytonutrients and display medicinal qualities that are beneficial to human health. She grows these using a range of techniques including plant tissue micropropagation and controlled environmental agriculture to ensure the highest quality control.

Unless otherwise stated all images are courtesy of The Functional Plant Company and property of Urban Ag News.

Zafferano Siciliano Crocus produces large saffron stigmas.

Saffron (Crocus sativus L., a member of the Iridaceae family) is prized for its unique yellow color in culinary dishes and loved by chefs for its flavor in many of our foods. The high cost comes from the fact that it needs to be grown in a particular climate and the long red stigma must be laboriously collected by hand. 

In the US, saffron is traded for up to $10,000 per kilo but this is highly dependent on the final graded product (graded 1- 4, 4 is the best quality and has a high safranal content with the red stigma separated from the yellow anther). The problem is, it takes around 150,000 flowers to produce 1kg of dried saffron. So we want to know, is it really worth it for CEA farmers? Let’s take a closer look at saffron’s history and the pros and cons of growing the most expensive spice in the world.

A long illustrious history of production 

Ancient artworks revealed saffron was domesticated around 300 to 1600 BC and was thought to have been originally harvested as a mutant of Crocus cartrightianus which was abundant around the time in the Mediterranean.

The origins of saffron agronomy date back to Iran and today the country is responsible for producing over 90% of the world’s saffron where it has both historical and ceremonial importance in Persian culture. Other areas of production stretch across the Mediterranean where conditions are perfect for growing most notably North Africa, Morocco, Spain, Greece, Italy and India. The Spanish love the color in traditional paella whereas the Italians use it for signature risotto dishes like Risotto alla Milanese. 

How does it grow naturally?

Visible two to three flowers per saffron corm

Saffron is adapted to arid regions and has an annual life cycle, but it is generally cultivated as a perennial crop by controlling corm bulb growth for the following year. It is a sterile triploid geophyte and is relatively slow to replicate through daughter corms each year. In the field, corms that die back after flowering and unusually have no cold requirement to break their dormancy. They can be lifted from the field during this time and stored in a dry shed before planting out again in spring, although they are hardy and can withstand low soil temperatures. 

Saffron has immense health benefits 

Saffron is abundant in phytochemicals, particularly picrocrocin which breaks down during the drying process to form safranal, which gives it the distinctive earthy taste. Another carotenoid pigment crocin, produces the golden yellow color when mixed with rice. Saffron also contains non-volatile antioxidants including lycopene and zeaxanthin which we identify with a Mediterranean diet, that are great for a long healthy life.

Crocus sativus L. has a wide array of medicinal and nutritional uses. Traditionally it goes way back as a drug alternative for many conditions such as heart disease, obesity, Alzheimer’s and diabetes. Several studies confirm the medicinal effects of the plant. Antioxidant effects demonstrate free radical scavenger activity that modulate inflammatory mediators, humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity responses.

There are several clinical studies of these effects in its derivatives, safranal, crocin and crocetin. Researchers in Iran recently identified saffron as an effective treatment for mild postnatal depression. Saffron has since been shown to have mood altering effects thought to be the result of balancing neurotransmitters serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain. In placebo comparison trials saffron had significant effects on levels of depression and displayed similar antidepressant efficacy to pharmaceuticals. 

A double blind study of more than 80 people found the effects of the spice effective in treating depression in adolescents, without any side effects or fear of withdrawal symptoms when stopping the saffron. Saffron extract (affron®) was given for 8 weeks and it was found to improve anxiety and depressive symptoms in youths with mild and moderate symptoms. Adults reported more mixed results so more studies are needed to be conclusive in the understanding and role of saffron in the treatment of depression.

Why do we need high value crops like saffron in CEA?

Growing saffron in a controlled environment can have many advantages; it’s cleaner, free from pests and disease, nutrients are delivered directly to the root mass, aeration with dissolved oxygen increases biomass, temperature can be maintained without fluctuations and light intensity can be well managed. Saffron needs high intensity light and this can be delivered by high efficiency LEDs without fluctuation, eliminating weather dependent uncertainty in the field. 

Despite the relative ease and low maintenance of growing in a controlled environment, it is the high flower numbers required to produce the end product and subsequent labor intensive ‘picking’ time that are the limiting factor. While in the field it is possible to grow three or more flowers per bulb per season (due to the daughter corms still being attached) the spacing requirements are more difficult to estimate in CEA until trials show optimized growth in a square meter space as smaller daughter corms will produce smaller stigma. We have no knowledge of large scale CEA production data and comparison to field harvests but scaling up in CEA may be more prohibitive due to labor costs. Perhaps automating this process in the future with robotic tweezers or re-engineering tissue culture pickers to use image analysis software with an ability to pick out the red stigma and separate from the anther would be useful, but we are some way off that at present.

Saffron has a high Market Value 

Regardless of the issues, saffron continues to be of interest to CEA growers due to its high value and growing global demand as a medicinal plant and diverse applications in the food industry as well as for cosmetics and dyes.

The global saffron market size is expected to reach USD 721.5 million by 2028, according to a new report by Grand View Research, expanding at a CAGR of 8.5% over the forecast period.

Buyer beware! If you buy saffron and it seems cheap it’s more than likely to be fake!

Fake saffron is rife within this market and includes corn silk threads, safflower (an unrelated thistle), coconut filaments or even dyed horse hair, or shredded paper. 

Safflower (in tissue culture above) Carthamus tinctorius, is the most likely culprit. It is a highly branched, herbaceous, thistle-like annual plant in the sunflower family Asteraceae and is often substituted for saffron. Each flower head contains 20–180 individual florets that can be confused with saffron to the untrained eye but the color gives it away as they are less intense than saffron stigma. 

Dyes used to color fake saffron will dissipate quickly and this can be tested easily in water. Despite this, safflower has some excellent qualities as an oil in its own right and is commercially traded in the EU. 

Growing conditions 

Temperature, light intensity/spectrum and humidity are particularly important in saffron cultivation. According to researchers in Vermont there are five main phases to the lifecycle of saffron production, sprouting, flowering, vegetative phase, production of replacement corms, and the dormant phase. Leaf area index, crop growth rate, relative growth rate, net assimilation rate, and leaf area ratio are all important.

A few entrepreneurs are paving the way by growing saffron in CEA. Dr Ardalan Ghilavizadeh pictured above is an expert hydroponics saffron grower from Iran and currently working in Munich.

Saffron is a short-day plant so requires a period of around 12 hours in the dark and 10-12 hours per day lights on (16-18hrs during flowering). According to Urbanleaf, saffron can be grown indoors and they suggest it will require a DLI of 15+ mols/m²/d to flower. They go on to propose that 24W light bulbs can be placed around 6 inches away from the top of the plants to deliver a PPFD of 500 μmol/m²/s. Ideal temperatures for saffron flowering are around 70°F but anything between 50 and 100°F grows well. We have some preliminary trials with saffron but experimenting with light spectrum may achieve the best results to promote flowering and maintain a stable temperature during flowering. Growing in hydroponics follows similar conditions to other flowering plants and saffron displays a wide pH range of 5.5 – 7 but it’s best stay around 6 for maximum nutrient uptake at EC 1.4. 

As with any production, IPM is important since saffron is prone to many diseases. Pathogens include fungal corm rot, nematodes, bacteria, and viruses. Diseases mostly appear as a consequence of physical damage or attacks by insects particularly mites and aphids.

Propagation of Saffron Corms 

Saffron male seed is sterile so it is propagated vegetatively using corms. Flower yield is highly dependent on corm size and density but lack of availability and diversity of plant material presents a major constraint for large scale CEA saffron production. A large corm above 8 grams produces three to four small daughter corms, which take 2 to 3 seasons (in the field a season is one calendar year but in CEA there is potential for four harvests annually) to achieve the size and weight for flowering. 

Forcing the bulbs through regular dormancy periods via CEA may help to promote cormogenesis.

Crocus sativus corms like rock wool for support to protect them against getting too wet. The method of hydroponics i.e. NFT or aeroponics must not allow the bulb to get too wet so it should sit proud of the rock wool substrate. They will root very quickly, around a week in our experience with aeroponic growing. 

Saffron Micropropagation 

Saffron is relatively slow to propagate and only produces a few vegetative corms on the main plant annually in late summer after flowering has finished and the leaves die back. Breeding programs are needed to increase diversity of the corms and micropropagation may provide a solution to access of clean stock material. Saffron research is limited with only a handful of teams working on genetics in India, Iran and Europe. This crop needs preservation of genetic biodiversity to protect its quality and sustainability for future agricultural production. 

Genetic diversity in corm supply is an issue so indirect organogenesis may provide new routes to improve cultivation of saffron. Tissue culture micropropagation, somatic embryogenesis, organogenesis, gene editing and in vitro cormogenesis can all help regenerate pathogen free reproduction of this plant. We are working to perfect this process. 

Processing 

Harvest first thing in the morning according to Dr Sally Francis, a field grower from Norfolk in the UK. The stigmas must be dried soon after harvest as they can become moldy. Besides the important role that dehydration plays in the preservation of saffron, it is also a necessary process to generate organoleptic properties in fresh stigmas. Dehydration treatment brings about physical and chemical changes necessary to achieve the desired quality of saffron. But be careful drying as over 150F can cause degradation of the phytonutrients.

Economics of growing Saffron in CEA – is it worth it financially?

On a 1 meter square shelf with a light intensity PPFD of 500 μmols/m²/s we can potentially grow 150 saffron bulbs (and assuming they each produce one dominant flower) with a spacing at least an inch apart to allow for flower development. Assuming they are forced to produce flowers 4 times per year, this rate could produce 600 flowers in a 1m² area annually. If 150 flowers produce 1g dry weight, a yield of 4g of dry weight saffron is possible from 150 corms per square meter annually (four harvests).

Assuming a 10 layer shelf with lights spaced 20” apart, there is potential to scale up to 40g in a vertical space and 10 bays could reach 0.4kg (in reality it should be higher depending on how many flowers the corm produces). Depending on the grade this could net a return of $4,000. Not a bad return if you exclude capital startup costs. However high energy consumption and revenue costs may substantially reduce profits per meter square. Calculations are difficult as it will depend on an hourly rate for a picker and the uncertainty of rising energy costs could also hamper the return on running such a facility. 

Issues that affect future stability of growing saffron 

The adverse effects of global warming and climate change on saffron flower induction could alter the way saffron is grown. As the global north becomes warmer and extreme weather events become more frequent we will begin to find these crops in more protected geo locations. Wars and poverty also play a role in agriculture and instability in the region could lead to reduced world availability. 

Niche high value product for the food service market – is that why we should grow it? 

While saffron may not be an obvious choice for most larger commercial CEA growers, it should not be discounted as a high value crop for the service industry, fitting with more niche restaurant based container farms. Saffron is fairly low maintenance until harvest and some are even automating growing, which will reduce labor costs as the stigma can be picked by the restaurants when required without post processing and delivered straight to the chef’s palette. The advantage is it can be grown anywhere, close to restaurants, in cities and of course we are biased but it may also go well with sushi and a side of real wasabi.  

Janet Colston PhD is pharmacologist with an interest in growing ‘functional’ foods that have additional phytonutrients and display medicinal qualities that are beneficial to human health. She grows these using a range of techniques including plant tissue micropropagation and controlled environmental agriculture to ensure the highest quality control.

Unless otherwise stated all images are courtesy of The Functional Plant Company and property of Urban Ag News.

Scotland has a great positive circular story that encompasses history, design, engineering, innovation, agriculture, skills, regeneration, energy, health, wellbeing and net zero. 

This is the story of how a group of visionary students redesigned the iconic Provan Gas Works into a vertical allotment to show off a greener side to Glasgow 

As the dust settles on COP26 some of Glasgow’s student professionals plan to design a greener, healthier city.

For more than a century Glasgow’s iconic gas works have been a significant feature from the north east entry to the city. Despite being redundant for decades, the much loved towers were given category B listing in 2018 by Historic Scotland ensuring the landmarks will continue to form part of the city’s skyline.

There has been much discussion about urban farming within the CEA space taking over derelict office space or setting up in shipping containers in cities. An idea from a group of young students in this green city is unique and could literally replace natural gas with natural greens. 

We heard about this idea from Charlie McGhee who was part of the InterAct team, a group of third year students at Glasgow Caledonian University including quantity surveyors, architects and engineers (see all the talented team at the end of article). They recently presented a unique idea for redesigning these iconic gas tanks into a vertical farm allotment. 

The Glasgow students decided these loved structures needed an upgrade and came up with a doughnut arrangement and proposed filling in the gaps on the structure with glass/perspex. Their vision is one of engineering construction and design that could encompass new ways to produce leafy greens. Their design also examined alternative ways to create circular green biofuels and solar power panels to keep the lights powered. With no roof on the structure they aimed to retain the outward integrity of the structure and designed a vertical farm with a minimalist infill box approach with allotment boxes that would be rented out and filled with plants in a recycled irrigation system. 

Built in 1904 the tanks give an unforgettable welcome to Scotland’s second city and situated on the main road artery through the central belt people have always seen them as a major landmark. The natural gas may be long gone and structure derelict, but it is possible they could serve a greater purpose with a new lease of life. 

Architectural Design History in Glasgow

Glasgow has a long association with architectural design. Charles Rennie Macintosh, the renowned Scottish architect behind the iconic Glasgow School of Art, Willow Tearooms and the Lighthouse was active in the city at the time the gasometers were constructed. 

The Lighthouse built in 1903

Could the Gas Works become the new Lighthouse? 

‘Glasgow Grows Green’ 

Green billboards could be a perfect marketing tool. Imagine giant electronic billboard screens projecting a direct message to a passing audience of 90,000 every day. What message would you send them? A message of perseverance and hope perhaps or maybe a message of health and well-being. We developed the idea as a marketing tool to reach people affected not only by the pandemic but also those affected by anxiety of a more dangerous world full of conflict, climate change and limited resources. 

We need everyone onboard and listening.  

Reach for the sky – What are you aiming for in life?

Can you imagine the giant electronic screens on the side of the towers, high in the sky displaying these images and subliminal messaging telling you that everyone is feeling the same and giving an air of optimism and oneness?

Post COP26 the excitement of ‘everyone in it together’ has somewhat dissipated in the media (just as Greta predicted). But the youth of Glasgow, they have different ideas and everything to gain from green projects. They never COP out! 

We have hardly seen any of the architectural designs neatly illustrated in Despommier’s vision of the 21st century come to fruition yet and become integral with our city food supplies.

We need investors and public bodies to recognise the importance of our youth coming up with these ideas and create green jobs for architects, surveyors, engineers, scientists and farmers of the future.

Glasgow Caledonian University InterAct Team

Architect students:

Arin Beaver, Neima Bouzy.

Engineering students:

Bryan Lipton, Abdalhameed Almohamad, Ismail Mohamed.

Quantity Surveyor students:

Charlie McGhee, Harrison Lee.

If you want to learn more about the students project  get in touch with us and we will hook you up with the team in Glasgow. 

Janet Colston PhD is pharmacologist with an interest in growing ‘functional’ foods that have additional phytonutrients and display medicinal qualities that are beneficial to human health. She grows these using a range of techniques including plant tissue micropropagation and controlled environmental agriculture to ensure the highest quality control.

You can follow The Functional Plant Company on Instagram. 

More from Janet Colston and Functional Food

Editor’s Note:  Urban Ag News fully understands that many of these crops are not currently grown in greenhouses, hoop houses, high tunnels or vertical farms.  But, that is not as important as the fact that they could be if the consumer and the farmer found equal value in exploring local production.

Cancer touches us all. 

One in two people are expected to have some form of the disease in their lifetime. Despite these statistics it is not inevitable nor the curse it was and many more survive than not thanks to advances in chemotherapy, targeted radiotherapy and most recently immunotherapies like CAR T cell therapy.

We are all individuals so no diagnosis is likely to be exactly the same. Instead we rely on statistics that tell us the likelihood of occurrence or reoccurrence. Thankfully the pathways are being elucidated and for the most part overwhelming evidence suggests the way for us to gain personal control and break the cycle is to follow a plant based diet.

What is Cancer?

Cancer is not a new disease. Around 400 BC Hippocrates used the terms ‘carcinos’ and ‘carcinoma’ to describe non-ulcer forming and ulcer-forming tumours. A century or so later another Roman physician, Galen used the term oncos (Greek for swelling) to describe tumours, that led to the study of cancer, which today we refer to as oncology.

Cancer forms when cells in the body grow out of control because the genetic code is broken. The switch (gene) is disrupted in many different ways and cells then become tricky for the body to manage, avoiding a natural programmed cell death. The variations and stages can be vast which is why we still have very limited individual pharmaceutical treatments tailored to our needs. 

But one thing we do know for sure is that most lifestyle cancers are the result of chronic inflammation which helps establish precancerous cells in the body that enables them to build blood vessel networks (angiogenesis) to supply their own energy allowing them to grow and invade vital organs. 

Is cancer getting more prevalent?

Are we really getting more cancer than previous generations or is it that we can detect more with tests and scans? 

Researchers believe that about two-thirds of the increase is due to us living longer and yes we are able to pick up signs earlier. The rest, they think, is due to changes in cancer rates across different age groups linked to higher risks when people are overweight. Specifically our culture of sunbathing increases the rates of melanoma skin cancer and more generally increased alcohol consumption contributes to higher cancer rates. I will not go into the environmental nor the genetic factors but these also play a small role in increased incidence. 

Is there something we as CEA farmers can do differently from field farmers? 

In my early career I was a cancer researcher, studying pharmacological progression of GI related disease. The last thing on my mind 30 years ago was how what we ate could prevent and in some cases even reverse some of these dangerous cellular changes. Now I think it is a failure in the evolution of medicine to not fully engage in food nutrition before a disease becomes so advanced that no intervention, either pharmaceutical or nutraceutical ceases its progression. 

Discussing cancer still scares people (even me). It’s something that happens to other people until one day it happens to you or your nearest and dearest. Then inevitably you want to understand the processes to prevent this disease taking over. The problem is complex and that’s a fact. I’m not going into detail of the pathways in this article, they are super complicated. But I will describe the plants that have the best antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms to help repair DNA damage and give you the best chance of boosting the immune system to fight lifestyle preventable cancers.

Can eating healthy foods from plants grown in CEA help prevent cancer? 

Given that more than 60% of our anticancer drugs are derived from plant material it makes sense to look at a plant based diet to help us. Growing these plants for their nutraceutical value in CEA is really important as we can eliminate pesticide residue which contributes to inflammation. 

AN OUNCE OF PREVENTION IS WORTH A POUND OF CURE.

Ben Franklin, 1736

Prevention is better than cure so start on a healthy regimen now and you may never be faced with the ‘Big C’. Our previous blogs this year on diabetes and mental health should help your direction when faced with precursor diseases. 

But if you are already on the unfortunate journey then teas and juices can be the easiest way to consume antioxidants if you are on the go and between cancer treatments. If chosen correctly these can create an environment to boost beneficial microflora in the gut, important for dampening inflammation. 

Most if not all these plants can be successfully grown in a controlled environment which can provide locally available fresh options that might not be found at a nearby grocery store.

New root growth formed in one week of aeroponics of a dwarf Pomegranate variety. 

Pomegranate is native to the Middle East, and men from these countries have half the chance of developing prostate cancer than those in the west. In fact, recent studies have shown combined extracts of pomegranate, turmeric, green tea and broccoli significantly reduces prostate specific antigen (a marker for cancer) levels down to almost normal in patients with prostate cancer.

Peaches and nectarines (a smooth peach missing the gene for fuzzy skin) are high in chlorogenic acids. A symbol of long life and immortality, they come from the botanical Rosaceae family and are high in hydroxycinnamic acid (also a bioactive compound in Wasabi leaf stem) with the potential to reduce the incidence of lung, breast, head and neck cancers. Eating peaches has been found to reduce prevalence of metastatic (when it spreads from primary sites) cancer. A study at Texas A&M University demonstrated chlorogenic acid and neochlorogenic acid from peaches  aggressively killed breast cancer cells while leaving normal cells unharmed. 

Cranberry is a natural bog plant and will do well in adapted hydroponic systems. A close relative of Vaccinium  blueberries they produce large berries which we best associate with a turkey Christmas dinner and popular in the US for thanksgiving courtesy of the pilgrim fathers in Massachusetts. Self fertile and low growing, the variety below is Pilgrim. We previously described the anticancer properties of cranberries, strawberries and blueberries, raspberries and blackberries, the latter all regularly grown in CEA. Rich in quercetin, Cranberries have been shown to inhibit lymphoma and breast cancer cells. Cranberry derived constituents may be particularly efficacious inhibitors targeting oral premalignancy. 

Celery is the new super detox food in juicing circles. Celery contains luteolin and apigenin, both  of which reduce inflammation. The authors of an article published in 2009 suggested that luteolin, a blood brain permeable flavonoid may help prevent the spread of cancer cells by making them more susceptible to attack by chemotherapy. 

Celery is a cool season vegetable and ideal for hydroponics as it consists of 95% water and can grow up to 25% faster in CEA. Plus if you wrap the roots up for sales and they don’t sell you can pop them back into NFT later and keep growing. 

Green tea made from the unfermented leaves of the plant Camellia sinensis has immune boosting capabilities. The substance in green tea that researchers think is most helpful is the catechin epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) which boosts the immune system to help fight cancer. In combination with turmeric, EGCG causes significant cancer cell death in a synergistic way. This combination also increases the effectiveness of radiotherapy. 

New Jersey tea (early stage multiplication in tissue culture above) made from Ceanothus Americanus has some interesting effects similar to green tea. If it is good enough to attract Hummingbirds, it must be special! Lymph nodes store infection killing white blood cells and direct them to where they are required when the body detects an abnormality. If the lymphatic system is slow or inflamed as it is when under a cancer attack then these white blood cells can’t do their job correctly. Ceanothus Americanus, also known as red root, stimulates the lymphatic system, supporting detoxification of the spleen and liver during chemotherapy.  

Redcurrants (main image) are a very good source of resveratrol which has been shown to increase the cytotoxic effects of radiation treatment and the chemotherapy drugs Adriamycin and Taxol used for breast cancer. Resveratrol can inhibit aromatase (the synthesis of estrogen from androgens within the body) important in reducing the growth of estrogen positive breast cancers.

Black Goji berries multiplying in tissue culture. Researchers showed active compounds in both black and red goji berries are highly effective in killing breast cancer cells. These berries also have high levels of zeaxanthin which is thought to help stem cell organ regeneration.

Soya bean plantlets initiated in hydroponics before field transfer.

Hormone dependent breast and prostate cancers are highly prevalent in the west but very uncommon in Asian countries. It is thought the cumulative effect of a life long diet of phytoestrogens is the key difference. Fresh soya beans (Edamame) contain active polyphenol isoflavones (soy sauce does not count as the isoflavones are broken down during fermentation). These include the phytoestrogen genistein, structurally very similar to oestrogen that has been shown to have cancer blocking effects. These effects are not just limited to breast cancers but will also block androgen related prostate cancer changes.

Recent controversy over soya consumption has been inconclusive. Concerns arose over the estrogen activity of isoflavones after animal studies showed an increase in breast cancer. Although one clinical study did show cancer promoting genes could be switched on after eating soya it is thought the protective effect of long term moderate consumption outweighs any increased cancer risk. But if you are unsure, speak to your doctor about adding phytoestrogens to your diet pre and post menopause. The American Cancer Society recommends natural soya foods as safe and healthy but they suggest you avoid soy supplements as they contain much higher isoflavone concentrations. 

Good Sugar Versus Bad Sugar, is it true?

We think of sugar as the food stuff that elevates blood glucose leading to diabetes and contributing to obesity as well as blocking our arteries causing plaques and coronary heart disease. REMEMBER ALL CELLS NEED GLUCOSE TO FUNCTION. The idea that sugar could directly fuel the growth of cancer cells can lead some people to avoid all carbohydrates. But it is counter-productive for anyone struggling to maintain their weight while dealing with the side effects of cancer treatment and can actually create more stress trying to avoid sugar altogether. Stress caused by worrying about eating the wrong foods will turn on the fight or flight mechanism, increasing the production of hormones that can raise blood sugar levels and suppress immune function, in turn reducing any possible benefit of eliminating sugar in the first place. 

But sugars are not equal and reducing highly processed sugars (sugar, brown sugar, corn syrup, high fructose corn syrup, or other sweeteners that increase glycemic index) and eating good sugars from whole plant foods helps stabilise blood glucose levels. 

‘An apple a day keeps the doctor away’ is a true proverb. 

Young apple trees efficiently grown under LED lights in a controlled environment means the plants can be accelerated to the field faster than traditional methods. Cornell researchers have identified a dozen triterpenoids in apple peel that either inhibit or kill cancer cells in laboratory cultures. They found several of these compounds have potent anti-proliferative activities against human liver, colon and breast cancer cells.

The superfood turmeric was hailed as a cancer busting superfood in the last decade. Turmeric is a mainstay of Ayurvedic medicine and it is the active compound curcumin which makes up 5% of the dry root weight. Curcumin blocks the growth of a large number of tumours including colon, breast and ovarian cancers as well as leukaemia. It also prevents the formation of new blood vessels by angiogenesis. Further trials are underway to test effectiveness in pancreatic cancer and melanoma, both on the rise in western societies. A combination of curcumin with quercetin (found in many citrus fruits) can decrease precancerous polyps of the colon by 60%. Turmeric is well adapted to hot climates and does grow particularly well in flood and drain hydroponics. 

The use of cannabinoids is still somewhat complicated as the pathways are highly complex and physiological actions of so many terpene derivatives need further scientific review. However cannabinoids are a very useful line of defence in pain management during cancer treatment. I urge caution that self medication can lead to downregulation of receptors that are essential for other important physiological processes. So if your oncologist recommends CBD it should be highly controlled.

Lycopene is a cancer-fighting food associated with protection against certain cancers such as prostate, kidney, breast and lung cancer. Lycopene is much higher in the wild original species lycopersicon pimpinellifolium, native to Ecuador and Peru. This species is highly salt and stress tolerant. Breeding of new characteristics has the potential to increase palatable flavours with species crosses that display additional environmental and medicinal benefits.

Lycopene accumulates in our skin to protect against melanoma. It’s important to cook tomatoes with olive oil, as this will release even more lycopene and increase bioavailability. This is why the Mediterranean diet is so revered. Two Passata based meals a week can lower the risk of prostate cancer by a third.

Resveratrol is produced by black grapes as a defence mechanism against environmental stress, insect and fungal attack. Like black and red currants, resveratrol is found in the skin and seeds of red grape varieties which is why some have suggested that moderate consumption of red wine is good for you. But it’s a complex paradoxical picture. Although some studies in animals suggested red wine (due to the resveratrol content) could potentially reduce the incidence of lung and colon cancer, others say red wine (due to the alcohol content) can actually increase cancer risks. 

What we do know for sure is that resveratrol is well absorbed in the body and offers some exciting anticancer properties. Probably best to consume through black grape juice if you are concerned about the alcohol content in wine. Growing grapes in a controlled environment can help boost field yields and breeding can increase resistance to fungal diseases like mildew and botrytis when exposed to the elements like above in California.

Sulforaphane containing vegetables have huge potential to improve human health and prevent cancer 

Cruciferous vegetables contain a special phytonutrient called sulforaphane shown to have wide ranging anti-cancer activity acting as very potent antioxidants which essentially induce tumour arrest and cell death. Promising in vitro cancer studies of sulforaphane and other long chain isothiocyanates are known to have significant chemoprotective effects on prostate, breast, colorectal, lung, bladder, glioblastoma and  blood cancers. 

The cruciferous family includes cauliflower, kale, cabbage, pak choi, broccoli, brussel sprouts, watercress, mustard, horseradish and wasabi. 

The cruciferae are amongst the easiest to grow vegetables in CEA with the most accessible health promoting phytonutrients observed in any plant which make them an attractive proposition for farmers. 

We are slightly biased but wasabi  is in a league of its own as a superpower in terms of anti-cancer properties, sparking interest with hundreds of peer reviewed scientific studies over the last two decades. It has been shown to kill cancer cells of any cancer tested. Check out our exclusive article on Wasabi for all the links. 

Myrosinase, the essential enzyme required to form these bioactives compounds, can be inactivated by heat, so steaming may retain phytonutrients for longer. If you can eat these vegetables raw or in a smoothie, you will gain all the nutritional benefits. But remember the bioactives in wasabi are only available for 10-15 mins after grinding so it must be eaten fresh.

Only three or four servings of brassicas weekly can reduce the chances of developing cancer. Broccoli contains one of the highest sources of glucosinolate so it is no surprise that broccoli metabolites have been commercialised as health food supplements to support GI health. Interestingly, three day old sprouts of some cruciferous vegetables contain 10-100 times higher concentrations of glucoraphanin. So microgreens popular in many vertical farms are perfect for boosting your immune system against all kinds of precancerous and cancer cell formation.

Watercress grown in gel. A new study has reported that long chain isothiocyanates (PEITC) in watercress inhibit growth and progression of HER2+ breast cancer by targeting breast cancer stem cells. 

Moringa is the Superfood cousin of Cruciferae

Moringa Oleifera, known as the horseradish tree in Africa is a relative of cruciferae and is a fast growing tree that reaches full maturity in less than a year. Moringa is one of the most nutrient dense plants on earth and owing to an extra rhamnose sugar moiety it retains very high levels of a stable and unique ITC shown to significantly reduce inflammation with significant anticancer activity. Other health benefits include significant Vitamin A levels boosting iron metabolism to combat fatigue. It does have a bitter spicy taste like many of the crucifers but is easily mixed with more powerful flavours to mask the taste.

Growing these plants in CEA

We already described CEA growing methods for berries, greens, tomatoes, wasabi, turmeric and many more in our previous EAT THIS series of articles. Start with kale and pak choi varieties which are commonly grown in hydroponic systems and can be an entry point for new growers as they are very easy to grow. 

Pak Choi in hydroponics, Lufa farms 

They adapt well to both deep water culture and NFT allowing production in 6 weeks that can be cut several times promoting multiple harvests. Kale tends to have a wide pH range 6-7.5 and EC 1.8-3.0. These crops are a great choice, being compatible with herbs and greens and are cold hardy to 45-85^°F which can extend the growing season. In fact, cooling kale to 40^°F can also enhance the flavour. Pak choi requires a tighter pH range  5.5-6.5 and absorbs nutrients between EC 1.5-2.5. These plants don’t specifically require supplemental lighting but it may benefit quicker production extending through the winter shoulder months, critical for farm profits. 

Although some consider wasabi the ‘hardest to grow’ vegetable in the world, we believe knowledge, experience and trials can lead to successful outcomes and large scale production in CEA. Reach out if you need our consultancy to get started. 

What makes CEA grown produce stand out from organic or field grown?

Although there is no conclusive evidence that field crops sprayed with pesticides or GMO crops themselves lead to increased cancer rates, avoiding pesticides is a sensible precaution to retain healthy cells. Pesticides and fungicides are unrecognised by the body and can increase inflammation. Farmers use them to control weeds and diseases to maximise crop yields but in CEA their use is not essential. Beneficial insects are more likely to be employed to eliminate pests and environment control helps prevent moulds and fungal infections. 

Eating well during chemotherapy 

Personally, if I was worried about cancer, regardless of what area of the body and cancer type or stage I had concerns over, I would 100% increase my consumption of fresh fruits, berries and vegetables, in a raw juicing regimen with the best quality plants I could buy or grow in CEA. 

There are so many things that happen during chemotherapy that can take you by surprise. The first is appetite suppression. While undergoing treatment it may not be the best time to become crazy experimental (many people do) with foods that you are not used to in your diet. It can also be difficult to keep the calories up which is why oncologists will generally prescribe steroids as they increase appetite and reduce inflammation as well as making chemotherapy more effective. So making healthy balanced food choices and reducing stress will prepare your body in the best way to receive treatment for your cancer.

Chemotherapy will immunocompromise the body but it’s temporary so stick with it. 

We discussed in our last article how some of the most powerful and highly efficient chemotherapies are derived from plants. Essentially they are ‘industrial strength antibiotics’ that search out tumour cells and destroy them. So chemotherapy is not something to be feared. It should be used in tandem with a healthy diet. Antiemetics are usually prescribed alongside IV chemotherapy to prevent nausea. The last thing you want is for the chemo to be ejected and not have time to do its job. There is increasing evidence that drinking green teas can reduce cancer related nausea. 

Side effects during chemotherapy

Whilst we talk about the positive anti-inflammatory effects of these foods, during chemotherapy it is vital to be drinking a minimum of 2 pints of water a day to clear the drugs from the liver and prevent toxicity. Fatigue is a common side effect as red blood cell count is diminished so there is less oxygen transfer to the muscles which makes you tired. It’s important to maintain good electrolyte balance and eating the right foods will help. Keeping a daily chart can help you monitor any drops in appetite and will make it easy to see patterns. 

Mouth ulcers are an extremely common side effect during chemotherapy and this can prevent you eating well when you most need to. Toothpaste can be harsh with rubbing causing more inflammation and chlorhexidine on sponge sticks can stain your teeth. It might seem unnecessary but if your mouth is sore and you feel sick, eating well can become an issue.

Chewing fresh wasabi leaves will gently cleanse the mouth and kill any bacteria that causes dental caries. Yes there can be a little nip but it’s very light in the leaves and is reassuring as you know the chemical reaction to create bioactive isothiocyanates is working. Red Root may also  provide antibacterial effects to protect against gum bleeding following gingivitis. NJ tea tree bark and lavender can be useful as a skin wash for sores. 

Final word about stress and how this contributes to cancer 

The major cause of death from cancer is metastasis that is resistant to conventional therapy. We know that post pandemic there will be even more people diagnosed with cancer and at late stages where treatment becomes harder. We hope this blog helps you and your support network to find positive ways to help your body through the process. Keeping a positive outlook is important for your mental state, as chronic stress reduces killer T cells in the body that seek out and kill cancer cells. So keep stress at bay, listen to your doctors and try to remain in a good happy state. There is resounding evidence that those with good loving social networks have better long term outcomes. 

Disclaimer: We are not advocating this information in preference to medical advice, remember if you have serious illness and suspect symptoms of cancer are present please seek advice from your general practitioner. Our blogs are designed for people looking for advice on plants that have additional phytonutrients that can help repair and replenish your body and boost the immune system. We advise you to stay within peer reviewed research and CDC guidance. 

Unless otherwise stated all images are courtesy of The Functional Plant Company and property of Urban Ag News. 

Janet Colston PhD is pharmacologist with an interest in growing ‘functional’ foods that have additional phytonutrients and display medicinal qualities that are beneficial to human health. She grows these using a range of techniques including plant tissue micropropagation and controlled environmental agriculture to ensure the highest quality control.

You can follow The Functional Plant Company on Instagram. 

“Let food be thy medicine and medicine be thy food”

— Hippocrates

For the past year we have been talking about how to boost the immune system with plant phytonutrients and how this can present new opportunities for farmers, particularly if plant pharmaceuticals can be extracted from plants grown in a controlled environment. 

With an increased knowledge of downstream processing, farmers could learn to take advantage of plant pharmaceutical power quickly and naturally and boost their market share.

More than half our medicines come from plants

If more than half of our drugs originated from plants, it should be possible to select which plants display bioactivity using artificial intelligence and machine learning to extract bioactive molecules and reduce the time to create natural plant based drugs. This is already happening with high throughput screening of secondary metabolites from plants. Alternatively farmers can use this knowledge to market the whole plant entourage effects which lead to positive health benefits.

As we begin to understand more about disease pathways there is mounting evidence that plant phytonutrients may unlock new applications through a better understanding of molecular biology and clinical trials. Examples of this include new applications for forskolin from Coleus forskohlii and phytochemicals from Stephania Glabra, which are being rediscovered as adenylate cyclase and nitric oxide activators, potentially opening new ways to treat obesity and atherosclerosis.

To Know The Future We Have to Understand The Past

Taxol is now synthesized from liquid plant cultures as direct extraction poses an ecological threat to the Yew tree. Paclitaxel works by inhibiting tubulin inside cells which is essential to cell division and prevents rapidly dividing cells growing thereby slowing cancer growth. New ways to cultivate these plants using controlled environmental agriculture could conserve our native species whilst harnessing their pharmaceutical power.

Both Vincristine and Vinblastine extracted from the Madagascar Periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) are commonly used in treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and Hodgkin’s Lymphoma. Vinca periwinkle grows very easily in plant tissue culture and with hydroponics it can be controlled to grow under different light spectrums. Like Paclitaxel these alkaloids work by preventing cells from dividing by blocking tubulin in cancer cells. This also affects healthy rapidly dividing cells at the same time which is why hair loss occurs during chemotherapy. 

The quest for new antimalarial compounds remains strong as it is one of the deadliest diseases in the developing world. So the discovery of Artemisinin from Artemisia annua L. to combat multi drug resistant malaria was awarded the Nobel prize  for medicine in 2015. It works by killing the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum by indiscriminately binding to proteins in many of the organism’s key biochemical pathways.

There are challenges however as another close genus of wormwood  (Artemisia Absinthium L.) contains high levels of the toxic phytochemical thujane. Distilling the herb in alcohol increases the thujone concentration,  which is why the alcohol beverage Absinthe was banned in the US. 

Medicinal extracts of wormwood have not been shown to cause seizure or other adverse effects at usual doses. This shows the importance of validation through scientific processes to ensure plant phytonutrients have a high safety profile for human use.

During the last decade a few new plant derived drugs have been launched including Arteether, an endoperoxide sesquiterpene lactone derived from Artemisinin. 

Recent research at the Max Planck Institute suggests a role for Artemisinin in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2. Wormwood is initiated easily in tissue culture to produce clean clones and grows easily and quickly in aeroponics. 

Medicinal cannabis (Cannabis sativa) is used for neurological disorders including Multiple Sclerosis, Autism, Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, Tourette’s, Huntington’s and also for Neuropathic pain and Epilepsy since legalisation began across the States. Benefits for chemotherapy induced nausea, glaucoma, appetite stimulation, cancer pain, inflammatory conditions and asthma have also been reported. 

Approval was granted in 2018 for Epidiolex (Cannabidiol), the first plant derived Cannabis drug to be approved by the US FDA for use in severe refractory Epilepsy. It is important to reiterate that science needs to validate physiological health benefits due to cannabis related effects within clinical trials since long term negative side effects are possible.

Not all our plant drugs came from the Amazon and in 1775, Dr William Withering who studied medicine at Edinburgh University discovered an alternative treatment for heart problems when one of his patients used a local gypsy herbal remedy from Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea) and promptly improved his condition. 

Digitalis sometimes called ‘dead man’s bells’ contains the glycoside digoxin which works by slowing the heart rate and increasing the intensity of the muscle contraction so only minute doses are required daily to be effective in treating cardiac arrhythmia. 

Poppy (Papaver somniferum) contains the active opiate morphine (named after the Greek god of dreams, Morpheus) used for pain relief during trauma and as the traditional ‘end of life’ drug to ease suffering. The earliest images of opium poppies were found in ancient Sumerian artefacts (dating around 4000 BC), later named by ancient Greeks who called it Opion, eventually leading to its modern name Opium. The active opiate ingredient of the opium poppy morphine is collected by extracting the fleshy seed pod. An opioid attaches to the receptors found in the brain, gastrointestinal tract and spinal cord to reduce the transmission of pain messages to the brain.

Opiates are used in UK medicine as strong painkillers but are prescribed with care due to the addictive nature of the drug. The first commercially pure product introduced for therapeutic use was morphine marketed by Merck in 1826.

Quinine (Qualaquin) is an alkaloid from the Cinchona Calisaysa tree that grows in South America forests used for centuries in the prevention and therapy of Malaria. It was a popular herb used by the Quecha tribes of the Amazon rainforest. Modern research has shown it to also be a very effective treatment for fevers, cold and influenza although side effects are common with permanent kidney damage a concern.

Hypericin, an anthraquinone from  St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum) has received much attention for use as an antidepressant.

Rauwolfia Serpentina commonly called Indian Snakeroot contains the extract reserpine which depletes adrenergic neurotransmitters and remains an effective treatment for hypertension today. 

The key chemical component of Salix (Willow) Salicylic acid, was first described by Hippocrates who referred to a white powder derived from willow bark used for pain relief, fever and for anti-blood clotting.  In 1763, chemist Edward Stone isolated the active ingredient and it has since been used in medicine both for analgesic and anti-clotting properties. The first semi-synthetic pure drug aspirin, based on a natural product salicin isolated from Salix alba, was introduced by Bayer in 1899. Aspirin is now synthetically created through a chemical reaction between salicylic acid and acetic acid. Americans consume around 16000 tonnes of Aspirin every year due to its wide ranging medicinal properties. These include pain relief, reduction in cerebral thrombosis and a reduction in rheumatoid arthritis as scientists discovered it prevents the growth of cells that cause inflammation. 

Willow bark often turns up as a natural alternative to salicylic acid, because it contains salicin. When orally ingested, salicin is converted into salicylic acid by specialized enzymes in our digestive system. Willow bark (white or black) sold as a dietary supplement, herbal tea, or topical ointment, is known as ‘liu shu pi’ in traditional Chinese medicine. 

Will we grow our medicines in CEA in the future? 

From the Amazon rainforests to the coral reefs of the Caribbean, scientists search for cures to both old and new diseases. Bioprospecting is labor intensive and only one in thousands of compounds tested may demonstrate pharmaceutical promise. Despite this we know half of all human pharmaceuticals now in clinical use were derived from plant based natural sources. 

Nature may hold the key to finding the cure for emergent diseases, not least for new Coronaviruses. With hundreds of Coronaviruses discovered, only a few have become so virulent to cause epidemics and of course Covid-19, the cause of the current pandemic. It is possible that many pathways may be disrupted by bioactive chemicals in plants. For example, Wasabi Japonica displays anti-thrombotic effects which could have applications to treat blood clots in patients with SARS-CoV-2.

Pushing the boundaries of controlled lighting to make these plants produce stable disease fighting nutraceuticals

Plant factories with artificial lighting (PFAL) can aid steady production of high quality medicinal plants all year round by artificially controlling the environment (light, temperature, humidity and fertilizer) and allow growers to plan their production. This is best observed in Japanese PFALs, leading the world in terms of CEA to produce plants with a range of attributes that aid human health. For instance growing under controlled environment conditions may increase anthocyanin concentrations to enhance uniform metabolites with clean precision production.

While we don’t anticipate it is economically viable to grow many of these traditional medicines in hydroponics, there is no doubt they could be adapted for new purposes of extraction. With a combined approach of plant identification, controlled growing and research of the entourage effect and combined efficacy against disease we believe these tools can aid future discoveries. To do this we need production of clean virus free clones grown in plant tissue culture and acclimated in controlled environments. This enables us to keep production uniform and close to extraction facilities. We encourage you to reach out if you are interested in our approach to grow some of these unique medicinal plants as we have many years experience in controlled environment trials.

Janet Colston PhD is pharmacologist with an interest in growing ‘functional’ foods that have additional phytonutrients and display medicinal qualities that are beneficial to human health. She grows these using a range of techniques including plant tissue micropropagation and controlled environmental agriculture to ensure the highest quality control.

You can follow The Functional Plant Company on Instagram. 

Covid-19 effects are the most well known in the world. More than a year on from the start of the pandemic and despite the roll out of effective vaccines in richer countries we still have a limited drug arsenal with worldwide coverage to make life easier for those most at risk. According to physicians at the Mayo clinic, the FDA have approved the antiviral drug Remdesivir and emergency use of the anti-inflammatory drug Baricitinib for use in patients hospitalised with COVID-19. In the UK Dexamethasone, an anti-inflammatory corticosteroids is authorised for use in severe cases. Studies found this drug reduces the risk of death by about 30% for people on ventilators and by 20% for people who need supplemental oxygen. But Dexamethasone and other corticosteroids may actually be harmful if given for less severe COVID-19 infections so it is reserved only for the critically ill. Clinical studies in the UK this year showed an additional benefit from the combination of two drugs used for rheumatoid arthritis, Tocilizumab and Sarilumab, which reduced the risk of mortality in ICU patients by 24%.  

Researchers across the world are examining the effects of anti-inflammatory drugs and other immunotherapies to suppress the virus. Controversial anti-malarial drugs were initially thought to control the virus but were quickly withdrawn by the FDA when data analysis showed that Hydroxychloroquine and Chloroquine were NOT effective for treating COVID-19 and can lead to serious heart problems. 

Model created by Annabel Slater, working with the MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research.

While the vaccines roll out across the world there is still the threat of COVID-19 variants lurking and developing in populations especially those geographies that have been unable to contain the virus. We now have increasing numbers of mutated spike protein variants of Covid-19 including the English Kent ( B117), South African (501.V2), Brazilian (B.1.1.248), Japan (P.1) and the Delta variant (B.1.617.2) causing concern as the virus continues to mutate and becomes more transmissible. This means we cannot be complacent and must keep searching for new ways to combat the disease whether through alterations of the vaccine or development of new drugs to reduce viral load. Of course this must be in tandem with continued social distancing, testing and isolation compliance with local laws to reduce the spread.

Epidemiologists writing in the journal Nature suggest Coronavirus is going to stay with us for some time. Then there’s the effect it leaves behind on our bodies, a new disease called Long Covid or as some in the US are calling it Long Haul Covid. Long covid is now defined by time post infection and acute long covid lasts 3 weeks whereas chronic long covid is ongoing for more than 12 weeks. The effects of long covid are wide ranging with some not even aware they have it, and symptoms include diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting and gastrointestinal pain. For those that recover from serious illness the effects can be life changing and far reaching including muscle loss, organ failure, reduced lung capacity, brain fog and even depression. 

Researchers are still learning how an infection with SARS-CoV-2 affects different parts of the body so new medicines can be developed. Although there is hope on the horizon with new antiviral drugs like TEMPOL and others in development we must remember the pathways of this disease are complex and still emerging. 

With this backdrop in mind we hope medicinal plant derived products that selectively block the ACE2 receptor may provide alternative ways to treat SARS-CoV-2. This blog is designed to be of interest to people with an interest in foods that can have a medicinal effect, growers who aim to produce unique medicinal crops and for scientists interested in the pharmaceutical properties of plants. 

Mechanism of cell entry and replication causing inflammation

We need to understand how the virus affects our bodies to know how to prevent dangerous physiological changes. Studies show the SARS-CoV-2 virus enters via epithelial and endothelial cells on the inner surface of blood vessels (see this 3D model of a blood vessel, spin it around as see the endothelial cells in purple on the inner wall) of both the large and small intestine and the respiratory tract using the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) as a binding protein. ACE-2 is embedded in cellular membranes and expressed in several critical tissues, including alveolar lung cells, gastrointestinal tissue and throughout the central nervous system. ACE-2 is important as it acts as a potent negative regulator of the renin angiotensin system (RAS) which controls blood pressure. Dr Craig Daly a vascular scientist from the University of Glasgow talks us through an easy to follow tutorial of the RAS pathway critical for maintaining homeostasis and controlling levels of the hormone angiotensin, which in turn controls blood pressure via constriction and dilation of blood vessels. 

When we are infected with coronavirus, the spike protein on the virus surface binds to ACE-2. Like a key in a lock the cell responds and encapsulates the virus pulling it inside to replicate its ribonucleic acid (RNA), creating a blueprint to potentially make 10-100 of virions that are subsequently released back into the bloodstream ready to infect more cells. 

After SARS-CoV-2 particles leave infected cells, there is a sudden release of inflammatory cytokines which results in leaking of fluid into alveolar sacs in the lungs. This is the ‘cytokine storm’ we hear so much about and this can be devastating if the viral load is too high as we have seen in healthcare workers at the beginning of the pandemic who were poorly equipped with PPE. Systemic inflammatory responses and multiple organ failure tragically cost the life of Dr Li in Wuhan in 2019, the medic who broke the news to the world. As we discovered in the early days, the lungs are unable to remove harmful gases like carbon dioxide and they cannot efficiently provide oxygen to the body. This helps the virus multiply rapidly in the lungs resulting in Acute respiratory distress syndrome. 

While respiratory symptoms are the most common sign of the disease, a recent review suggests 53% of people hospitalized with COVID-19 experience at least one gastrointestinal (GI) symptom during their illness. There is evidence that encountering GI symptoms with COVID-19, or developing them alongside underlying GI conditions like cardiovascular disease or diabetes can also increase the risk of disease severity. More recent research shows that the virus may alter the gut microbiota contributing to nausea and diarrhea. So all those memes of toilet roll are valid! The virus is then free to infect other targets like the central nervous system to cause further damage linked to neurological diseases resulting in long-lasting brain fog.

What natural plant extracts could potentiate some of these pathways?

Much of the latest research on plants used to fight covid symptoms and its after-effects originate from work in Asia and Thailand. It should be remembered that these plants need to be tested together and trials should be properly controlled as some extracts taken in excess or together can have detrimental outcomes. For instance peppermint and black teas can inhibit the absorption of iron, important in the transfer of oxygen to our tissues. So as we propose potential plants that exhibit beneficial effects at the sites of SARS-CoV-2 entry or may provide some inhibitory effects, it should be taken with a degree of optimistic caution in what may provide an alternative to pharmaceutical drugs. 

Physiological effects and mechanisms worth tackling with alternative plant based therapies:

1. Fever control 
2. Calming the cytokine storm 
3. Prevention of viral shedding 
4. Plants that control blood pressure through Angiotensin II or ACE
5. Antagonising the SARs-CoV-2 spike protein
6. Prevention of platelet aggregation
7. Plant based nutrient balance of the renin angiotensin system
8. Boosting the gut microbiome
9. Antifungal activity to combat mucormycosis
10. Diabetes regulation with plant phytonutrients from our previous article 
11. Downstream brain fog with plant phytonutrients from our previous article 

Many plants display antiviral activity and we examine if these theoretically can provide a ‘super tea’ or emollient to reduce symptoms and help people recover from covid infections. Here we describe a few selected plants that are involved in trials (there are too many to provide a complete list but if you are interested reach out and we can discuss further) that could contribute to recovery from Coronavirus highlighting specific traits that potentiate the viral pathway. 

1. Plants that control fever

Andrographis paniculata has been used for hundreds of years in oriental and Ayurvedic medicine for a number of different ailments. The genus Andrographis belongs to the Acanthaceae family made up of around 40 different species. The plant is reported to possess wide ranging immunological, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic and hepatoprotective properties. Phytochemical studies reveal a diverse range of compounds including diterpenoids like andrographolide, neoandrographolide and dehydroandrographolide. In India it is known as the Indian Echinacea where the aerial parts of the plant (leaves and stems) are still used in herbal medicines for flu and colds. It is also currently being used in Thailand for COVID-19 treatment of mild and moderate disease. Researchers purified the compound andrographolide which showed 99.9% inhibitory activity against the virus in cell cultures in the lab. 

Eucalyptus – alongside Frankincense and Lavender oils, Eucalyptus is classed as an essential oil that helps reduce significant fever. In the late 1800s, the ability to promote sweating and clear mucus led to eucalyptus oil being prescribed for respiratory conditions including bronchitis, flu, asthma, and coughs acting as a decongestant. Eucalyptus globulus leaves are distilled to extract the active oil Eucalyptol. But remember it is only recommended for topical application and must be diluted in a carrier oil like olive oil or it may burn or irritate the skin.

Eucalyptus in tissue culture from callus

Indian Frankincense comes from the Boswellia serrata tree, which is native to India, North Africa, and the Middle East. Farmers tap the tree to collect its resin. Boswellia resin and its active ingredient, boswellic acid, appear to have a good anti-inflammatory effect on the body according to a review article suggesting it has good antipyretic (reduces fever) activity.

Japanese Honeysuckle is traditionally used for fever, sore throat, colds, flu and some infectious skin diseases. It is part of a combination of herbs called Yin Qiao San that was composed in the 18th Century when trade with the West brought new epidemic diseases to China. In China Qiao San was given to people with the initial symptoms of COVID-19 infection. 

In a 2018 review of the biological properties of honeysuckle, several studies demonstrated significant anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects. Japanese honeysuckle was subsequently used in combination with other herbs and given to front line medical staff treating SARS in Beijing, none of which contracted SARS. Many Chinese provinces have issued preventative programmes using herbal medicines against COVID-19, and a review of the evidence suggests that people at high risk would probably benefit from taking CHM (Chinese Herbal Medicine) formula for prevention. This is now readily available in all Chinese  hospitals and pharmacies.

Hibiscus Among the medicinally active species is Hibiscus sabdariffa, the flowers of which are rich in phytonutrients and antioxidants like Vitamin C. One of the safest species for nutraceutical consumption, the hibiscus plant is made up of many plant acids, including citric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid and hibiscus acid which is unique to hibiscus.

There are many bioactive chemical constituents in Hibiscus including alkaloids, anthocyanins, and quercetin. With its high antioxidant levels, hibiscus reduces low-grade systemic inflammation when the lymphatic system is congested. Extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx were shown to have significant antipyretic activity in lab tests on fever induced in rats via a mechanism distinct from that of Aspirin. 

Extensive antihypertensive effects of Hibiscus have been widely reported and calyx extracts operate via vasorelaxant pathways of both endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells, mediated through an increased production of nitric oxide.

2. Plants that calm the cytokine storm

Almost all plants will display some anti-inflammatory activity but here we pick out a few that have been studied extensively in peer reviewed journals and have relevance to COVID-19. 

Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) also known as Indian Ginseng

Two independent research groups have discovered that Withaferin A (WFA), a steroidal lactone with anti-inflammatory and anti-tumorigenic properties, may bind to the viral spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 thereby blocking or reducing interactions with the host ACE2 receptor. WFA is also capable of reducing the secretion of various proinflammatory cytokines. One group has shown WFA does not alter expression of ACE2 in the lungs of tumor-bearing female mice. This is important as downregulation of ACE2 has recently been demonstrated to increase the severity of COVID-19 resulting from increased circulatory Angiotensin II levels through ACE (remember from the video tutorial this hormone increases blood pressure). So if  WFA does not downregulate ACE2 it has real potential as a therapeutic agent to treat or prevent the spread of COVID-19.

At least three independent research groups have suggested that phytochemicals found in Ashwagandha could be developed as a therapeutic agent against COVID-19 infection using molecular docking approaches.

Ashwagandha is from the solanacea family, related to tomatoes, eggplant and peppers. Unlike these relatives, there is no definitive evidence the fruiting berries are edible as they act as a strong emetic  (although temptingly beautiful above) and like ginseng it is the root after several years of growth that is valued most for powdered and gummy herbal remedies. It is NOT advised for pregnant and nursing women.

Sweet Wormwood (Artemisia Annua) grown from seed clean in tissue culture and then in  Aeroponics 

Researchers in the US have shown that extracts of Artemisia Annua with active compound Artemisinin, commonly known for its use as an anti malaria drug also has the ability to inhibit the replication of SARS-CoV-2. Both A. Annua and Artemisinin have been shown to reduce levels of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in vivo. Early results suggest the active component in the extracts is likely something besides Artemisinin or is a combination of components acting synergistically to block post-entry viral infection. This area of research remains one of the most positive for fighting coronavirus cytokine effects. 

3. Plants that act as detergents preventing Viral shedding 

Butterfly Pea (Clitoria ternatea) is a holy flower in India used in daily puja rituals. The leaves are high in saponins known to act as a detergent which might be useful in removing the spike protein of Coronavirus. It may play an active role in viral shedding as the plant has been identified as a metalloproteinase inhibitor which could disrupt the process reducing the formation of virus. The metalloproteinase, ADAM17 involved in ACE shedding can be targeted using plants like Butterfly Pea as bio based surfactants. It has also been widely used in traditional medicines, and as a supplement to enhance cognitive functions and alleviate symptoms of numerous ailments including fever, inflammation, pain, and diabetes. Although the flower is widely used in teas and colour changing gins, both the seed and roots are not recommended (you can actually be fined in Taiwan for selling it as a foodstuff, butterfly pea is only used for minimal dye levels) as a food source due to much higher levels of saponins. It could however be highly useful as a natural soap based disinfectant in the fight against COVID-19.

4. Plants that control blood pressure through Angiotensin II and ACE

Various medicinal plants have shown inhibitory effects against Angiotensin II, many of which control blood pressure through this mechanism. Our previous EAT THIS blogs describe the actions of many plant based phytonutrients that have actions to reduce blood pressure. 

Coriander (Coriandrum sativum cilantro)

Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) was a traditional medicine for the treatment of cardiovascular and gastrointestinal diseases. Widely used by the Egyptians, coriander seeds were found alongside possessions of Tutankhamen when the tomb was excavated from the Valley of the Kings. It was a herb recommended by Hippocrates to treat inflammatory diseases and reduce blood pressure. In a 2013 study coriander oil was found to have strong potential as an ACE inhibitor. A few years later, 16 bioactive compounds extracted from coriander leaves were shown to exhibit significant ACE inhibition. Coriander and chlorella combined can remove heavy metals like mercury in the body in just a few months which helps people lose weight as it stimulates the pancreas to secrete insulin and lower blood sugar levels (reducing the risk category for serious COVID-19 illness). After some early concerns a study published by the British Heart Foundation has shown it is safe to use ACE inhibitors and Angiotensin receptor blockers to control blood pressure. 

Pomegranate (Punicagranatum Cassia) In Ancient Greece pomegranate represented fertility, eternity and good fortune and Hippocrates referred to its many medicinal properties including dampening inflammation and detoxifying. More recently pomegranate juice has been shown to have a competitive mode of action against coronavirus. Just a small cup of pomegranate juice can reduce ACE activity by 36% and lower systolic blood pressure by 5%. 

Pomegranate trees grown in Archangelos, Rhodes – medicine in your own backyard just as the Ancient Greeks would have done. Dr Li, a world renowned physician and scientist, describes how pomegranate promotes good bacteria in the gut, decreasing inflammation and lowering blood glucose levels. 

Pomegranate can be grown from seed in tissue culture to produce healthy clones. Dwarf varieties have potential for greenhouse production similar to blueberries. 

Holy Basil (Ocimum Sanctum) also known as Tulsi has been known to target the reverse transcriptase activity of HIV and theoretically could reduce activity of SARS-CoV-2. The leaves (main photo) contain Eugenol which is an effective treatment for high blood pressure. Just 100g of Basil provides 105% of Vitamin A and 30% of Vitamin C daily requirements. 

Garlic (Allium Sativum)

Anecdotal evidence from our Garlic blog just over a year ago suggests many people found the remedy to alleviate symptoms of covid. Garlic organosulfur compounds, allicin have many medicinal properties that could alleviate Covid 19 symptoms and evidence suggests it can not only  target the viral replication of SARS-CoV-2 but also inhibit ACE activity to dampen Ang II-induced vasoconstrictor responses in blood vessels.

Galangal  (Boesenbergia rotunda) High throughput fluorescence screening of plants in a trial in Thailand has picked up activity of a phytonutrient in galangal called Panduratin A acting as an anti-SARS-CoV-2 agent preventing entry to human airway epithelial cells in the lab. The Nature article concludes the purified compound, Panduratin A has a potent inhibitory effect against SARS-CoV-2 replication and infectivity with the favorable cytotoxicity profile. Interestingly, panduratin A inhibited SARS-CoV-2 infectivity and replication at both pre-entry and post-infection phases, and its antiviral activity was even more potent than hydroxychloroquine. Related to the ginger and turmeric zingiberaceae family this shows promising therapeutic value in the fight against Coronavirus. Studies of curcumin on antiviral activity also show promise. See our previous articles on growing these plants in a controlled environment.

5. Antagonising the spike protein

A study last year found that curcumin, nimbin, withaferin A, piperine, mangiferin, thebaine, berberine, and andrographolide have significant binding affinity towards spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 suggesting they could provide a route to prevent cellular infection. 

Neem (Azadirachta Indica) Nimbin extract from Neem is known for its antibacterial properties but molecular docking studies have also proved extracts could have inhibitory activity on the Papain like protease of SARS-CoV-2. Neem extracts have been well documented including inhibitory action against viral activity of herpes, smallpox, chickenpox, HIV.

Self heal (Prunella vulgaris) in Tissue Culture

Researchers in Canada have shown mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein increases its incorporation into cells leading to increased viral load causing significantly higher transmission rate in infected individuals, but thankfully there has been no reported significant change in disease severity. Self heal contains a compound, suramin, which displays potent inhibitory effects on the spike glycoprotein in an in vitro model cell system. This could prove to be a crucial breakthrough against variants that are more infectious, particularly if these compounds can be manufactured as a nasal spray. 

Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) Licorice is a plant of the climbing  pea family containing the natural sweetener glycyrrhizin in the root which is over 50 times sweeter than sucrose. Scientists have known for some time that glycyrrhizin improves defences against viral infections, particularly rotavirus which invades the intestines leading to diarrhoea. Indeed glycyrrhizin increases the body’s ability to shed rotavirus by 50% in the lab, a process thought to operate through recruitment of T cells which help reduce infection. A German group demonstrated that glycyrrhizin, the primary active ingredient of the licorice root, potently neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 by inhibiting the main viral protease. These experiments highlight glycyrrhizin as a potential antiviral compound that should be further investigated for the treatment of COVID-19. 

Licorice prefers its roots to be wet and researchers at Chiba university in Japan developed a pressurised hydroponic system to produce reliable root mass in half the time it would take to grow wild. But you should consume Licorice in moderation as it can interfere with sodium and potassium levels which can lead to increased blood pressure. A Licorice tea every few days is ideal. 

Licorice in tissue culture

6. Plants that inhibit platelet aggregation

SARS-CoV-2 and its spike protein directly stimulate platelets to facilitate the release of coagulation factors, the secretion of inflammatory factors, and the formation of leukocyte–platelet aggregates. Although platelet activation is critical for thrombosis and is responsible for the thrombotic events and cardiovascular complications, the role of platelets in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 remains unclear. Critically ill patients diagnosed with COVID-19 may develop a prothrombotic state that places them at a dramatically increased lethal risk so it is important to find ways to inhibit the process. 

Wasabi Japonica is prone to many diseases but clean stock plants can be initiated in tissue culture by ‘The Functional Plant Company’.

Platelet aggregation was first associated with COVID-19 in patients in Wuhan, China as infection produces a prominent elevation of fibrinogen and D-dimer/fibrin degradation products. The damage is caused by the immune system going on the attack (cytokine storm), damaging blood vessel walls and removing several of the normal anti-clotting mechanisms. Essentially the virus causes damage to the lining of blood vessel walls increasing systemic hypercoagulability and blood clots are more likely to form. The degree of D-dimer elevation positively correlates with mortality in COVID-19 patients.  

We have previously described the wide range of medicinal properties, anti-microbial, anti-diabetic, anti-asthmatic, anti-cancer, antiviral and anti-fungal in Wasabi Japonica. The active glucosinolate, 6-methylsulfinylhexyl isothiocyanate (6-MSITC) found predominantly in the swollen stem or rhizome of Wasabi as a potential inhibitor of human platelet aggregation in vitro.   

Wasabi ITCs are effective agents for inflammation based on their rapid action and the low levels needed. Isothiocyanates of Wasabi and other crucifers like watercress and broccoli are anti-inflammatory and anti-asthmatic and may provide ease of SARS-CoV-2 symptoms. 

7. Plants can increase essential nutrient levels boosting immunity

Vitamins play a vital role in immune function. 

Patients with severe Covid-19 are reported to be low in both iron and Vitamin D levels and associated with severe acute respiratory disease. These groups include the elderly, people living in the northern hemisphere, obese adults and darker skinned people who produce significantly less Vitamin D and are more likely to be anaemic than other groups.

Low levels of Vitamin D3 actually inhibit renin. Less renin production tips the equilibrium in favour of more Angiotensin II, subsequently raising blood pressure.

Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) is a prohormone nutrient synthesised from meat retrieved cholesterol and is processed in the liver using iron as a cofactor for activation.  With increased levels of Vitamin D the expression of proinflammatory cytokines that induce production of C-reactive protein can be significantly diminished. 

There are now calls to supplement daily diets with 1000-2000IU/day Vit D3 to lessen the severity of COVID-19. Vitamin D3 is not a cure for covid-19 but it does have global significance if studies suggest 30-50% of the world’s population are deficient. A study in 2020 showed that a Vitamin D3 blood level of at least 75 nmol/L is needed for protection against COVID-19. An adult needs 4000 IU/day of Vitamin D3 for 3 months to reliably achieve a 75 nmol/L level. People with darker skin need twice as much Vitamin D3 as they produce more melanin which blocks UVB rays and inhibits production of Vitamin D. These doses can greatly reduce the risk of severe illness, but this is not enough for treatment of acute viral infection, which requires a 60,000 to 120,000 IU dose intervention.

Moringa oleifera also known as the miracle tree due to its multiple medicinal uses. It is a fast growing, drought resistant plant that reaches full maturity in less than a year and although we don’t know of anyone growing in a commercial controlled environment we believe it is theoretically possible. It is one of the most nutrient dense plants in the world containing a high abundance of vitamins. Moringa has an impressive range of anti-Inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-fungal, antidepressant activity and cardiovascular protective effects.

Vitamin A plays a vital role in strengthening the immune system, protecting us against common infections such as flu by maintaining healthy mucus linings inside the nose and the lungs. 

Moringa leaves are a fantastic source of protein and high in plant based non heme iron and antioxidants. Consuming just 10g of moringa powder a day for 3 months can significantly increase levels of iron, antioxidants and Vitamins A and C in the bloodstream. Vitamin A is normally found in dairy, eggs and oily fish but also in some leafy greens and is essential for iron metabolism. Moringa contains four times the amount of Vitamin A (also known as retinol) as carrots, the vegetable we naturally think is the best for our eyesight as it produces important pigments for eye retina health. Pregnant women should be cautious about supplemental Vitamin A and intake only through a balanced diet is recommended. 

Remember that yellow, red and green fruits and vegetables contain beta and alpha carotenoids, lutein, lycopene, zeaxanthin, astaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin which act as a precursor to Vitamin A. 

Can a plant based diet provide an adequate source of Iron? 

We traditionally consume heme iron from meat, poultry and seafood sources whereas non-heme iron is found in plant foods like whole grains, nuts, seeds, legumes, and leafy greens. Over 79 million people around the world are vegan and don’t eat either meat or dairy products. It was always thought vegans could be deficient in iron due to low absorption of nutrients as our diets change and we move to healthier plant based diets. 

Why is this important? Well heme Iron is absorbed more easily than non heme iron and stored in the body as ferritin, it acts as a cofactor in our blood cells and essential for the uptake of oxygen. We know that SARS-CoV-2 patients have low iron levels which exacerbates oxygen levels to the lungs. 

Some eminent physicians suggest the latter plant based non heme source is adequate for all our iron requirements as we also consume more Vitamin A, C and E from plants which aids non heme iron absorption. Infact, Dr Greger presents data that shows too much heme iron cannot be processed by the body and leads to pro-inflammatory diseases like diabetes and Chronic heart disease.

Life saving high dose Vitamin C

It is becoming clear that high blood levels of not just Vitamin D3 but also Vitamin C are needed to prevent COVID-19 deaths.

Infection triggers a severe inflammatory cellular reaction in the body which results in a decrease in Vitamin C. Along the evolutionary timeline 40 million years ago we lost the ability to make Vitamin C in our bodies due to a genetic mutation.

Unlike most mammals we are unable to synthesize Vitamin C endogenously ourselves so we must access it from our diet. Vitamin C plays an important role in immune function and improves the absorption of nonheme iron, the form of iron present in plant-based foods. It is well understood that insufficient Vitamin C causes scurvy, which is characterized by fatigue. We all know that sailors used a variety of citrus fruits to prevent scurvy but in Scotland where citrus fruits were not abundant they foraged Rock Samphire on the west coast as they found the leaves were high in Vitamin C. Today Rock Samphire is located in only a few inaccessible cliffs but it has potential as a CEA crop.

Rock Samphire – Sea Fennel in tissue Culture 

The plant is not well used in herbal medicine as it can be so hard to access but if you can find it then it’s very useful as a herbal tea. It contains Vitamin C (ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid), polyacetylenes (falcarinol and falcarindiol), flavonoids (diosmin), furanocoumarins, pectin, and minerals. Falcarinon, acts as a natural antibiotic and has a positive effect on the digestive tract. 

Kumquat Yuzu (hybrid)

Hesperidin and ascorbic acid in Yuzu counteract the cell damaging effects of the oxygen free radicals triggered by viral infections and inflammation. There is discussion about the preventive efficacy of Vitamin C, at the dose achievable by the diet, as recent reviews suggest it can be useful in the case of strong immune system burden caused by viral disease. 

Today we can access many exotic dried fruits from around the world that are high in Vitamin C including Acerola, Schisandra and Goji berries. Read more about them in our previous EAT THIS articles. Just keep eating those berries! 

8. Plants that boost the gut microbiome 

Associations between gut microbiota composition, levels of cytokines and inflammatory markers in patients with COVID-19 suggest that the gut microbiome is involved in the magnitude of COVID-19 severity possibly via modulating host immune responses. This change in gut microbiota dysbiosis post disease could contribute to Long haul covid, highlighting a need to understand how gut microorganisms are involved in inflammation and COVID-19. I have picked out two I grow in controlled environments but there are many fruits and vegetables that act as probiotics (boost gut commensal bacteria) and prebiotic (feed the bacteria).

Chinese Yam

Chinese yam or air potato increases beneficial Lactobacillus bacteria which is thought to be disrupted following SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, Chinese yam is an invasive species in the United States. Multiple states, including Michigan, have active control programs whereby the government asks citizens to report sightings of Chinese yam. As with water yam, Chinese yam grows well in aeroponic CEA reducing the risk where they can be monitored and controlled. 

Kiwi in Tissue Culture, dwarf varieties in CEA have potential 

Kiwifruit affects intestinal microbiota populations, namely Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, Clostridium, Bifidobacterium, and Enterococcus. Studies have shown Kiwifruit is a prebiotic selectively enhancing the growth of intestinal lactic acid bacteria, promoting the content of faecal lactobacilli and bifidobacteria. Since 2015 there has been a shift towards growing kiwifruit in New Zealand in high poly tunnels with drip irrigation to protect them from disease.  It is not just the human population that is suffering from increased viral infections, many intensively farmed crops also have viral threats. 

A meta-analysis (data gathered across many clinical studies) in 2020 found that more than half of Covid-19 patients had received antibiotics despite only 7% presenting with a bacterial infection. It suggests the use of antibiotics may accelerate the damage to anti-inflammatory promoting bacteria in the gut. The probiotic effect of kiwifruit is transient so you must keep eating those juicy fruits.

9. Antifungal activity to combat mucormycosis

Mucormycosis is a serious but rare fungal infection caused by a group of molds called mucormycetes that commonly affects the sinuses or the lungs after inhaling fungal spores from the air. It is caused by exposure to mucor mould which is commonly found in soil, plants, manure, and decaying fruits and vegetables. Increased occurrence of mucormycosis in COVID-19 patients in India is being reported. They require antifungal treatments including liposomal amphotericin B injections but these may lead to side effects. There are many plants with antifungal properties, in fact most of those we describe in this article will have potency against fungal spores. The most accessible include garlic, turmeric and ginger but they should be taken as supplements if fungal disease is suspected. 

Unexpected positive side effects of Covid

Forbes reported on a case in the U.K. of a 61 year old man with aggressive non hodgkin’s Lymphoma going into full remission after contracting COVID-19. While this is an isolated case it gives huge insight into the mechanisms of blood cancer processes and a future opportunity of study. This will undoubtedly lead to understanding new mechanisms linked to cytokine release and the body’s own immune reactions. 

The molecular mechanism by which these medicinal plants target influenza virus can be studied to understand if they attack any molecules overlapping between SARS-CoV-2 and the Influenza viruses. Himalayan forests are abundantly rich in medicinal plant species and a study has documented the presence of ethnomedicinal plants against bronchitis caused by influenza virus, rhinovirus, adenovirus, coronavirus and respiratory syncytial virus.

With emerging Coronavirus variants, there is concern they cannot be quickly and efficiently eliminated in populations across the world leaving us all vulnerable to future pandemics,  or more likely localised epidemics. Regardless, we should be ready and working towards multiple strategies to combat outbreaks and plant biochemistry can play a part if we have peer reviewed studies initiated now. 

Growing plants in Controlled Environment Agriculture

Many if not all these plants can be grown in some form of controlled environment whether it be hydroponics or initiated as clean clones using plant micropropagation. Adapting farms to grow medicinal plants is not difficult and most of these plants will grow in a pH range 6-6.5 with EC 1-1.5 and suitable substrates. The question remains if there is an outlet for this kind of opportunity. That is up to our readers, farmers, growers and academics to address. We have previously discussed many plants that contain phytonutrients and how these can be manipulated using tailored light spectrum and intensity in a clean controlled space which is essential if these plants are to be scaled up for industrial extraction. Consumers should be reassured by these plants being grown in a pesticide and fungicide free environment.  

SUPER TEAS and DETERGENTS – Natural Remedy. 

To summarise, the plants we have selected have the potential to make a ‘super tea’ with active ingredients including isothiocyanate (Wasabi), glycyrrhizin (licorice), quercetin (Hibiscus), eugenol (Holy Basil) suramin (Self heal), hesperidin (Yuzu), ascorbic acid (Samphire), artemisinin-purified and approved (Sweet Wormwood), curcumin (turmeric), withaferin A (Ashwagandha), piperine (black pepper), mangiferin (honeybush), thebaine (poppy), berberine (European barberry, goldenseal, goldthread, greater celandine, Oregon grape, phellodendron and tree turmeric), panduratin A (Galangal), allicin (garlic) and andrographolide (Andrographis). Clear evidence of supplemental Vitamin A, C and D3 supports documented research to reduce Covid-19 disease severity. Emollients made with eucalyptus, Neem, lavender, and frankincense along with nasal sprays incorporating self heal or butterfly pea soaps have potential to provide added protection against coronavirus infections. 

Having read this you may now be wondering, where do I get hold of these wonderful medicinal plants? So at this juncture I urge a little caution, many medicinal plants are available individually as dried root or tea preparations but please ensure you check they are from a reliable and validated source. Combinations can increase efficacy so check this out with your local Chinese herbalist who can advise on TCM. It is best to take professional advice before trying any plant based remedy.

We anticipate CEA farmers or even pharmacologists will want to grow these plants in the future.  If you have an interest in this we would love to engage with you as we have experience of growing a wide range of plants in a controlled environment to produce the highest quality for either study or scaling. Please reach out and consider working with us. 

I am indebted to my friend and colleague UAN & Hort America’s founder and owner Chris Higgins. Without his knowledge, support and encouragement, my entrepreneurial work would not be possible. I am grateful to my friends, physician Dr Barbara Scott MD, Veterinary Lecturer Dr Sally Anne Argyle MRCVS, cardiovascular scientist Dr Craig Daly SFHEA, and Jenny Sim LLP, for their time in reviewing this article. Hort Americas has a full resource and knowledge bank to get you set up growing any of these plants in a controlled environment. 

Disclaimer: We are not advocating this information in preference to medical advice, remember if you have serious illness and symptoms of Coronavirus or Long Covid please seek advice from your general practitioner. Our blogs are designed for people looking for advice on plants that have additional phytonutrients that can help repair the body and boost the immune system. We advise you to stay within peer reviewed research and CDC guidance. 

Unless otherwise stated all images are from plants grown using TC or in CEA by The Functional Plant Company in Scotland and images are the property of Urban Ag News. You can follow The Functional Plant Company on Instagram.The authors declare no affiliation to any companies offering herbal remedies and the information provided is a scientific peer reviewed compilation of plants that provide an opinion of the best potential inhibition of critical pathways involved in SARS-CoV-2 infections. 

Janet Colston PhD is a pharmacologist with an interest in growing ‘functional’ foods that have additional phytonutrients and display medicinal qualities that are beneficial to human health. She grows these using a range of techniques including plant tissue micropropagation and controlled environmental agriculture to ensure the highest quality control.

A diagnosis of diabetes is a time in your life when you may reflect on bad eating habits. Many of us do not understand the mechanisms of disease until we are directly affected but there are some things we can do to reverse the situation.

Diabetes is a worldwide socio-health emergency caused by changes to our diets and a more sedentary lifestyle. Around 350 million people across the world are estimated to be diabetic and this is expected to more than double by 2045. 

The CDC reported Type II diabetes affects 1 in 10 Americans, that’s around 34 million people. A further 1 in 3 have signs of prediabetes, but estimates suggest up to 84% of the US population are asymptomatic and completely unaware they are insulin resistant. These are poor statistics in comparison to the rest of the developed world; in Scotland the prevalence of Type II diabetes is around 5%. The US is second only to China and India in prevalence where 114 million Chinese people account for a third of diabetics worldwide.

Five million people die annually from diabetes related illnesses.

The pandemic has highlighted a need to act against this disease as diabetes is considered a chronic inflammatory condition that leads to increased comorbidities for those contracting SARS-CoV-2. Early studies confirm the SARS‐CoV‐2 virus attaches to angiotensin‐converting enzyme‐2 (ACE2) receptors in beta cells of the pancreas, which is thought to impair insulin secretion in response to blood glucose. Since people with Type II diabetes, prediabetes and insulin resistance have an increased risk of Vitamin D deficiency they also increase their risk of oxidative stress and immune imbalance. We will discuss this aspect of disease progression in future articles. 

A brief history of how Type II Diabetes is different from other forms of the disease 

Diabetes is a chronic disease of the pancreas that affects how we turn food into energy. When we consume food the sugars and carbohydrates are broken down into glucose. High levels of glucose are released into our bloodstream which triggers factors in our blood to release insulin from the pancreas. Insulin then extracts the glucose from our bloodstream to cross cell membranes where it is used as energy for cellular metabolism. As a highly accurate sensor of blood glucose levels, the pancreas constantly monitors and automatically adjusts to maintain a stable environment. To keep blood sugar controlled overnight, our bodies release low levels of insulin from the pancreas but when we eat there is a sudden release of insulin in response to the blood glucose rise and this can be more problematic if we overeat.

Normal blood glucose and insulin release  Adapted: Jacobs DM Care 20:1279, 1997

Type I diabetes is where the body’s own immune system attacks and destroys cells that produce insulin.

Type II diabetes is where the body cannot produce enough insulin or where the body’s cells do not react normally to insulin.

Prediabetes is when you have abnormal levels of sugars in your blood. You may be feeling fatigued, more thirsty than normal and needing to use the restroom more often. These are signs that things are not quite right. Check out the full CDC symptoms here.

A fitness trainer I met a few years ago explained why so many of us ‘sleep walk’ into this condition without even knowing it. He explained that every day we eat foods that contain glucose for energy. Throughout the day the level in our blood rises exponentially until we stop eating after our supper and levels start to plateau. If we eat too much throughout the day and particularly later in the day our bodies do not have enough time nor the ability to bring the sugar levels back to baseline. So everyday our baseline levels start slightly higher than the day before. This cumulative effect exacerbates the problem when we cannot produce enough insulin to remove glucose from our blood and our cells are damaged. When we present our symptoms to our doctor, they ask for pre and post fasting blood samples to gauge our insulin response to blood glucose.

The prevalence of both Type I and Type II diabetes is continuing to rise with the latter linked to urban lifestyles, unhealthy diets and poor levels of exercise. While Type I diabetes is a lifelong diagnosis and irreversible, Type II can in most cases be easily reversed through careful dieting and a healthy lifestyle. This is important as a diabetes can lead to chronic illness causing vascular, cardiac, neurological and renal damage with a reduced quality of life and a significant reduction in life expectancy.

How can plants be used to control blood sugar levels and reverse diabetes before it causes chronic effects? 

Diabetics were traditionally treated with medicinal herbs prior to the discovery of  insulin and manufacture of hypoglycemic drugs. Keeping blood sugar at even levels is key to deciding which foods to avoid and which to include. For instance caffeine can cause a spike in blood sugar if you consume too much coffee, tea and energy drinks.

Many plants display specific anti-glycemic activity and have the potential to be grown in a controlled environment. We now want to show how incorporating some of these plant based foods in your diet can provide cellular support to reverse inflammation and disease.

Ginger is popular in our western fusion diets and contains very low carbohydrate levels. Researchers reported that people who ate small quantities of ginger daily for 12 weeks experienced lower fasting blood sugar and reduced precursors that would otherwise lead to insulin resistance and diabetes. Probably one of the easiest to add to our diet, just a little at each meal will give huge benefits. Read our blog on tips to grow in CEA. 
Image left: New Ginger roots formed in CEA

Garlic contains more than 400 phytonutrients and many of these help prevent a wide range of health problems. Compounds including allicin, allyl propyl disulfide and S-allyl cysteine sulfoxide prevent the liver’s inactivation of insulin, so more insulin is available in the body. Like ginger, smaller daily amounts of fresh garlic can be highly effective.

Fenugreek seeds are high in soluble fibre, slowing down digestion which helps lower blood sugar levels. A teaspoon of powdered fenugreek seed helped people in India with Type II diabetes by reducing post-meal blood glucose. Separate studies found that people with mild symptoms who ate fenugreek in bread (masking the bitter taste) also lowered their blood sugar levels.

Okra is commonly used in  Ayurvedic medicine to lower blood sugar levels and some reports suggest drinking okra water in the morning on an empty stomach can improve blood sugar control.
Image right: Okra grown in the field

Berries have extensive anti-diabetic properties but a few have proven scientific evidence to back up these claims. These include caperberries, acerola, cranberries, black currants, goji berries and bilberries. Read about their health benefits and how to grow them in our previous EAT THIS blogs. 

Sweet Potato and Yacon both display anti-diabetic properties. Yacon roots contain inulin, oligosaccharides and fructooligosaccharides that pass through the human digestive tract without being absorbed. This helps to aid digestion without a corresponding spike in blood sugar. Yacon has been used to make syrups suitable for diabetic patients, and is highly valued in Japan for its anti-hyperglycemic effects. Sweet Potato also contains resistant starch that has high prebiotic functionality, associated with reduced glycemic response, lowered blood cholesterol and production of fatty acids that support diverse gut flora (also disrupted by Coronavirus). 
Image left: Yacon can be started clean in Tissue Culture

Gymnema sylvestre also called Gurmar (Hindi for ‘destroyer of sugar’) is a woody climbing shrub that comes from the forests of India and Africa. It’s been used medicinally in Ayurvedic medicine for over 2000 years. Chewing on the leaves of this plant can temporarily interfere with the ability to taste sweetness. Studies found people with high blood sugar who took gymnema leaf extract for 90 days all lowered their blood glucose levels. Gymnema also appeared to increase glycemic control in more advanced type II diabetes. The study concluded that gymnema could help prevent diabetic complications in the long term.
Image right: Gurmar grown in Tissue Culture

Panax Ginseng – Ginsenosides in Ginseng, also known as saponins or triterpenoids are thought to be responsible for Ginseng’s extensive health effects. Ginseng has been used as far back as the Song Dynasty (1078 A.D.) to cure Xiaoke (pronounced sho-ow-kay) disease which today is known as diabetes. Currently, dry ginseng root is used worldwide to treat diabetes. Although more than 150 ginsenosides have been identified, triterpene β-glycosides extracts from the roots of ginseng have been found to be the most  potent, capable of stabilizing glucose homeostasis in patients with Type II diabetes. The berries and leaves of ginseng can also lower blood glucose and decrease body weight.
Image left: Ginseng grown in Tissue Culture and Aeroponics

Artemisia Annua or Sweet Wormwood is a common herb in Africa used as a herbal tea against malaria and schistosomiasis. Artemisia herbal tea has been reported to completely reverse type II diabetes in a small number of people after only 14 days. FDA-approved artemisinins have been used for decades to treat malaria but are also known to transform glucagon-producing alpha cells in the pancreas into insulin producing cells.
Image left: Wormwood grown in CEA

Ivy Gourd is a small, green climber producing a fruit with seeds similar to cucumber and is  widely consumed in parts of India. Blood sugar levels of people who had ivy gourd for a single meal were significantly lower than those who had a placebo.

Silybum Marianum or Milk Thistle is a common weed seen as an emblem of Scotland with an interesting past association with ‘The Battle of Largs’. It is a powerful antioxidant and liver detox supplement in both animals and humans with active flavonolignans including silibin A. These phytonutrients have beneficial effects on several diabetic complications, including diabetic neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, mainly by means of antioxidant properties.
Image right: Thistle growing wild in Scottish moorland

Stevia Rebaudiana  is a member of the Asteraceae family and native to Paraguay and Brazil but also grown in Japan and China for exports. It is used as a non-nutritive sweetener and herbal supplement, available in supermarkets as ‘Steviol’. Stevioside extracts can reduce plasma glucose levels and increase insulin production which stabilizes blood sugar levels.  Stevia leaf in powder form is a supplementary food product for diabetic patients as it increases natural sweetness and helps to rejuvenate the pancreatic glands.
Image left: Stevia flowering in Tissue Culture

Cayenne chilli Pepper consumption reduces the amount of insulin required to control blood sugar and lowers blood glucose levels. According to researchers the benefits may be even more pronounced for those with lifestyle-related diabetes. Some studies have shown capsaicin in cayenne pepper reduces the production of the hunger hormone ghrelin. This is useful knowledge for overweight people looking for a controlled diet.

Nigella sativa has been shown to significantly improve hyperglycemia and diabetes control after treatment. Consumption of Nigella seeds is consistent with a fall in fasting blood glucose, blood glucose level, glycated hemoglobin and insulin resistance and a rise in serum insulin.

Shiso Perilla Some researchers have found habitual drinking of shiso tea  can be effective in preventing the onset of diabetes and others show controlled hyperglycemia in diabetes with shiso extracts containing high rosmarinic acid levels. 

How easy are these plants to grow in hydroponics? 

Common sense tells you that most plants will grow in a controlled environment particularly if they don’t mind a water based environment. This is not in question, but growing these plants consistently in a controlled environment must make economic sense. If it does then these plants can provide a unique niche market for growers. Most including ginseng, fenugreek, ivy gourd, blueberries and peppers will require specific substrates and trials with flood and drain methods in the proposed geographical climate. Some like wormwood, perilla, stevia, ginger and turmeric have potential to thrive in aeroponics. Others like garlic, okra, sweet potato and Yacon are best in the field with automated irrigation or grown wild (Gymnema, milk thistle and nigella). Perilla, Stevia and Fenugreek have potential as microgreens. Most if not all can be initiated from tissue culture to ensure clean stock provision. 

Why use a controlled environment for some of these? 

More control over metabolites can be easily achieved. The plants are grown free from pesticides and true product provenance for farmers can be used as a unique selling point. Worldwide shortages of some of these plants give opportunities to CEA farmers who can grow under controlled conditions. If you want to know more, we have trialled some of these alternative crops in controlled environments including scale up cloning in tissue culture. Many of these new crops translate well to CEA but if you are new to Agtech the resources are all in hand for you to start with Hort America’s Mastery Series. 

Disclaimer: We are not advocating this information in preference to medical advice, remember if you have serious illness please seek advice from your general practitioner. Our blogs are designed for people looking for advice on plants that have additional phytonutrients that can help repair and replenish your body and boost the immune system. A plant based diet is safe for most people in moderation however if you have a serious illness speak to your doctor before taking any of these plants. We advise you to stay within peer reviewed research and CDC guidance. Unless otherwise stated all images are courtesy of The Functional Plant Company and property of Urban Ag News. Follow The Functional Plant Company on Instagram.

Janet Colston PhD is a pharmacologist with an interest in growing ‘functional’ foods that have additional phytonutrients and display medicinal qualities that are beneficial to human health. She grows these using a range of techniques including plant tissue micropropagation and controlled environmental agriculture to ensure the highest quality control.

“The part can never be well until the whole is well” – Plato

In a new series we discuss healthy foods from the aspect of people who are already suffering from an illness. A diagnosis is likely a time in your life when you reflect on bad habits or unfortunate genetics leading to disease.

Mental health is an incredibly complex subject and if you are suffering it could be for an infinite number of reasons. It is important to stress that our brains and cognitive function are the most complex in the animal kingdom with billions of neurons interconnecting to send signals to our body to function properly. We are all suffering a degree of mental health issues because of uncertainty over the outcome of the pandemic.

Not all plants can be grown to maturity in a controlled environment like a greenhouse or a vertical farm but they can be initiated in tissue culture to precipitate clean production of virus free clones. A huge advantage of CEA is pesticide free production which has benefits for overall health and is significant in terms of cognitive function.

Over 50% of US consumers have tried or are interested in functional food and drink that can aid sleep, is calming or helps with relaxation.​ ​

Backed by growing scientific evidence, diet is well accepted as an important factor in mental wellbeing in addition to physical health, with more consumers turning to nutrition to support stress management and help improve sleep and concentration.

Well where to start with this?

We are born with the equal senses of taste, smell, hearing, touch and vision and our relationship with food stems from these early childhood experiences and habits. 

We predominantly use four senses in fueling our bodies and they are integral to how we behave and interact with food. At birth we have a sense for only one food and instinctively know the smell. As we are weaned we explore by seeing and touching new foods, building ever increasing tastes, textures and smells using these senses to find the most desirable foods. Mothers know instinctively that simple plant based foods are the most gentle on the gut and can form a million new neural connections (synapses) every second, more than at any other time in life. It is a fine balance introducing ever increasing complex carbohydrates and proteins. Combined with a good night’s sleep we build these neural pathways which sets the scene for a good long lasting relationship with food. This is probably the last point in our lives when every minute detail of what we eat is scrutinised as our ambition for our young is to consume organic, pesticide free, additive free foods that will lead to good gut health, good sleep patterns and ultimately a healthy life.

How you are raised can build the right relationship with food for the rest of your life. But this does not mean life events cannot derail the process. So in thinking about the chain of life, when does our mental health become a problem in relation to food? Life events, illness, bereavement, bullying, peer pressures, corporate advertising, stressful pandemic lockdown events can all be detrimental to how we feel about food. Comfort eating, convenience eating, eating alone, lacking the skills and knowledge, or coming from a disadvantaged background can all lead to longer term issues with food. These events all affect our mental health as much as our physical health and if you have little or negative support around you then it is a difficult cycle to break.

Our relationship with good food habits takes willpower

There is no magic bullet. It takes hard work, perseverance, planning and determination to better yourself. Advertising for fast convenient foods packed with additives are all around us. My local supermarket unusually has muffins, sweets and crisps on special offer at the entrance on shelves close to fruit and vegetables. So how do we resist and get round the aisles without loading our carts with foods that are bad for not only our physical health but wear down our mental health as we believe the glossy marketing that a product is a superfood in the hope we don’t read the small print? If we are already suffering depression or poor mental health it can be even harder to navigate the supermarket.

One way is to pick out shops that only sell fruit and vegetables, make a list from recipes that can be easily prepared at home and stick to a budget. Even better, why not buy direct from a farm shop, in fact many CEA producers have their own distribution networks, delivering straight to your door. During lockdowns some farmers have adapted to selling online via local enterprises with real success.

Combined with a healthy lifestyle, functional foods offer great potential to improve health and wellbeing.

What elements are good for the brain and mental health?

The nervous system is an integral part of the human body and includes the brain, spinal cord, a vast network of nerves and neurons, all of which are responsible for a majority of our bodily function. We are prone to thinking mental health is solely about our feelings but there are dietary factors that impact physiological changes to improve how we feel. 

Exposure to unknown levels of pesticides can cause neurotoxic effects or exacerbate pre existing chemical damage to the nervous system. But CEA paves the way for safer pesticide free food that can boost the nervous system and reduce depression.

About 60% of the brain is made of fat, and half of that fat is Omega 3. Omega-3 alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and Omega-6 fatty acids are essential fatty acids that we need from food because the body cannot synthesize them. The body uses ALA and Omega-6 fatty acids to make DHA fatty acids in the brain, essential for the brain to function properly. Your brain uses Omega-3s to build brain and nerve cells, and these fats are essential for learning and memory. Gray matter contains most of these nerve cells involved in control of decision making, memory and emotions. Omega 3  has additional benefits for your brain and may slow age-related mental decline and lower the risk of developing Alzheimer’s. On the flip side, not getting enough Omega-3 is linked to learning impairments, as well as depression.

Just like plants we need the following elements to ensure our neural networks operate at optimal levels:

Zinc is crucial for nerve signaling and deficiency has been linked to many neurological conditions, including Alzheimer’s, depression and Parkinson’s.

Magnesium: Magnesium is essential for learning and memory. Low magnesium levels are linked to many neurological diseases, including migraines, depression and epilepsy.

Copper: Your brain uses copper to help control nerve signals. When copper levels are irregular, there’s a higher risk of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s.

Iron: Iron deficiency is often characterized by brain fog and impaired brain function. 

Eating sufficient amounts of vitamin C rich foods can also protect against age-related mental decline and Alzheimer’s disease. Vitamin C is a powerful antioxidant that helps fight off the free radicals that damage brain cells. 

There are many well known plants used to boost our moods, many unsurprisingly are addictive so it is vital to have a well balanced and varied diet. 

Remember a little is better than a lot! 

Coffee and Tea are good for your brain in different ways

Caffeine in coffee has a number of positive effects on the brain, including increased alertness. Caffeine keeps your brain alert by blocking adenosine, a chemical messenger that makes you sleepy. Caffeine may also boost some of your “feel-good” neurotransmitters, such as serotonin.

One study found that when participants drank one large coffee in the morning or smaller amounts throughout the day, they were more effective at tasks that required concentration. Drinking coffee over the long term is also linked to a reduced risk of neurological diseases, such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s. This could be partly due to coffee’s high concentration of antioxidants. So a shot in the morning is a good thing.

Green Tea

As is the case with coffee, the caffeine in many teas including black, oolong and green tea boosts brain function. Green tea is made from unoxidized leaves so it is one of the less processed types of tea. Green tea in particular has been found to improve alertness, performance, memory and focus. Even if you make a small lifestyle change this will help lower the risk of stroke when added to your diet.

But green tea also has other components that make it a brain-healthy beverage. One of the active compounds is L-theanine, an amino acid that can cross the blood-brain barrier and increase the activity of the neurotransmitter GABA, which helps reduce anxiety and makes you feel more relaxed.

L-theanine also increases the frequency of alpha waves in the brain, which helps you relax without making you feel tired. One review found that the L-theanine in green tea can help you relax by counteracting the stimulating effects of caffeine. It’s also rich in polyphenols like catechins such as EGCG (also found in raspberries, strawberries and blueberries ) that may protect the brain from mental decline and reduce the risk of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. 

Blueberries

We have talked about blueberries in previous blogs but how are they good for our moods. Blueberries and other deeply colored berries deliver anthocyanins to brain cells, protecting against both oxidative stress and inflammation, conditions that contribute to brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Some of the antioxidants in blueberries have been found to accumulate in the brain and help improve communication between brain cells. See our previous blog on growing blueberries in CEA, generally grown in Tissue culture to create diversity of crop ready traits. 

Turmeric

This deep-yellow spice is a key ingredient in curry powder and has a number of benefits for the brain. Curcumin, the active ingredient in turmeric, can cross the blood-brain barrier, meaning it can directly enter the brain and benefit the cells there. It’s a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compound that has been linked to many brain benefits particularly improving memory in people with Alzheimer’s. It may also help clear the amyloid plaques in people with Alzheimer’s. It boosts serotonin and dopamine, which both improve mood. One study found curcumin improved depression symptoms just as much as an antidepressant over six weeks.

Curcumin boosts brain-derived neurotrophic factor, a type of growth hormone that helps brain cells grow. It may also play a factor in delaying age-related mental decline. Remember bioavailability of turmeric on its own is poor but it is vastly improved when combined with piperine from black pepper to create a curcumin complex. This is a focus of new research. See our post on Turmeric for hints and tips on growing in hydroponics. 

Hops

Most of us know hops (Humulus lupulus) as the bitter constituent of beer but they are also part of the Cannabaceae family. Hops are commonly used orally for anxiety, insomnia, restlessness, tension, excitability, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), nervousness, and irritability. Early research shows that drinking non-alcoholic beer containing hops at dinner can reduce the amount of time it takes to fall asleep by about 8 minutes in nurses working rotating or night shifts. But caution, more is not better as it can cause over drowsiness.  

Valerian

Combine valerian root (Valeriana officinalis) with hops for a more effective solution for settled natural sleep. It appears to work by increasing levels of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) in the brain. GABA is what’s known as an “inhibitory neurotransmitter”—it quiets the activity of the neurons of the central nervous system, which helps lower anxiety and boost feelings of relaxation and calm.

Cacao 

Eating dark chocolate can help reduce anxiety and improve symptoms of clinical depression and stress. A recent study found people who ate dark chocolate in two 24-hour periods had 70% reduced odds of reporting depressive symptoms than those who did not eat chocolate.

Chocolate comes from Cacao plants predominantly grown in Central America and Africa. It can take up to four years to harvest the pods. Watch the Hairy bikers Route 66 adventure (45mins in if you want to skip) and see how chocolate is produced from Cacao by artisan chocolatiers in Santa Fe. 

Dark chocolate has been shown to reduce the stress markers cortisol and adrenaline in urine and p-credos and hippurate in the gut. Some brain-protecting nutrients are particularly prominent in dark chocolate. Theobromine is an adenosine-agonist that has rapid effects on energy and cognition. The fatty acid N-acylethanolamines is an analogue of anandamide, an endogenous cannabinoid with anxiolytic and euphoric effects. Cacao also contains Phenylethylamine, a natural monoamine that increases the release of norepinephrine, the dopamine precursor tyrosine and acetylcholine implicated in mood regulation. Interestingly poor mental health can lead to eating of comfort foods such as chocolate but remember these positive benefits are only gained from dark chocolate with at least 50% Cacao content. 

Seeds and nuts

Many seeds and nuts contain powerful antioxidants that protect the brain from free radical damage. They’re also an excellent source of magnesium, iron, zinc and copper. 

Walnuts 

Walnuts are high in Omega-3s and dietary fibre and their consumption is linked to benefits of the microbiome including promotion of anti-inflammatory markers produced by beneficial microbes and reduction of harmful bacteria. 

Chia, Flax, Hemp and Pumpkin Seeds

Both Chia and flax seeds are high in omega-3 fatty acids and have been found to keep the arteries of the brain clear of plaque. They nourish the brain by helping communication between brain cells. Remember chia seeds must be ground or well chewed.  If not they go through you like lead shot.  Since Chia is almost 30% ALA, consuming more than say 25 grams a day can be dangerous.  You should not have more than 5 to 6 grams of ALA a day or suffer from the lack of blood clotting.  Never buy ground seed, it is probably rancid.  If you grind your own make sure you clean your grinder completely. ALA goes rapidly rancid and rancid oils (peroxide’s and epoxies) are carcinogenic.  The ultimate goodness value from these seeds can be obtained by sprouting them.  Take all in moderation.  

Protein isn’t just for your muscles, it’s critical for brain development and neurotransmitter function, which is important for optimal brain function and mental health. 

Hemp seeds

Hemp seeds contain around 25% protein, made up of all the essential amino acids. Richer in zinc than many other seeds, pumpkin seeds supply this valuable mineral which is vital for enhancing memory and thinking skills. They’re also full of stress-busting magnesium, vitamin B  and tryptophan, the precursor to the good mood chemical serotonin.

If you wanted to choose a leafy green that’s great for mental health and wellbeing, it would be Purslane

Purslane is milder and crunchier than watercress with a light lemon-pepper flavor. It can be used as a substitute for spinach or other greens and is nutrient dense, containing seven times more beta-carotene than carrots. It has the highest omega-3 fatty acids of any leafy vegetable and is in the same omega-3 range of flax seeds, algae and fish. Purslane is also high in magnesium, calcium, potassium, iron, vitamin A, vitamin B, vitamin C and age-defying bioflavonoids. Purslane contains two types of antioxidants that prevent cell mutation. Be wary, however, if you’re prone to kidney stones since purslane contains oxalate.

Since purslane is full of magnesium and melatonin, it’s a great antidote if you’ve consumed too much caffeine. Purslane will reduce caffeine’s side effects like the flutters and sleeplessness. High magnesium levels also help reduce migraines and headaches. Purslane grows exceptionally well in CEA and with LED lights can give exceptionally high harvests. 

Bringing it all together for our mental health 

Eating the right healthy foods is critical for our mental health, all interlinked with a healthy gut microbiome. When we are happy we eat foods that make us feel euphoric releasing serotonin. There is nothing better than sharing that happiness with family and friends. This is missing in our lives at present but we are resilient and must realize the pandemic is only short term. 

Disclaimer: We are not advocating this information in preference to medical advice, remember if you have serious illness please seek advice from your general practitioner. Our blogs are designed for people looking for advice on plants that have additional phytonutrients that can help repair and replenish your body and boost the immune system. We advise you to stay within peer reviewed research and CDC guidance. 

Unless otherwise stated all images are courtesy of The Functional Plant Company and property of Urban Ag News. 

Janet Colston PhD is pharmacologist with an interest in growing ‘functional’ foods that have additional phytonutrients and display medicinal qualities that are beneficial to human health. She grows these using a range of techniques including plant tissue micropropagation and controlled environmental agriculture to ensure the highest quality control.